Cardiovascular problem is one of the leading cause of death in Malaysia and now invaded to the sub-urban and rural areas. To prevent and control of this problem, several main risk factors needed to be known and shall be reexamined and ranked according to the priority. The objectives of this research paper was to identify several dominant risk factor related to cardiovascular problem. A cross se...

Calcium supplementation has been widely accepted as a key strategy in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Its role has been undermined, to some extent, by its disappointing effects on fracture in randomised controlled trials, but its use has continued to be encouraged on the grounds that it is physiologically appealing, and is unlikely to cause harm. The latter assumption is now under...

The controversy over the cardiovascular risks of cox-2 inhibitors stems from 2 main trials: VIGOR and CLASS. These two trials were designed to assess the gastrointestinal safety of rofecoxib (Vioxx) and celecoxib (Celebrex), respectively. From these trials, it was observed that the cox-2 inhibitors had a higher number of cardiovascular events than the NSAIDS that they were paired against. For e...

Migraine is a common episodic neurovascular brain disorder associated with increased risk of cardio- and cerebrovascular ischemia. Migraine headache is likely caused by activation of the trigeminovascular system and release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Monoclonal antibodies against CGRP or its receptor are currently being evaluated for the prevention of migraine attacks. Prelimina...

It is not surprising that a discipline as rapidly growing and changing as the management of hypertension should engender a number of controversies. These disagreements may have considerable medical, economic, and public health impact simply because there are so many millions of patients with hypertension involved. The purpose of this discussion is to present what some would consider controversi...

Prostate adenocarcinoma is the most common cancer type in the male sex after skin cancer. Among the several types of treatment for prostate cancer, the androgen deprivation therapy has been highly recommended in patients with metastatic or locally advanced disease, which probably results in increased survival. However, the androgen deprivation is the cause of several adverse effects. Complicati...

More than a decade ago, prospective epidemiologic studies showed that mortality was increased among people living in communities with elevated concentrations of fine particulate air pollution.1,2 Subsequent research has shown that particulate air pollution is statistically and mechanistically linked to increased cardiovascular disease.3 New data are beginning to shed light on which persons are ...

BACKGROUND Fine particulate matter exposure from both ambient air pollution and secondhand cigarette smoke has been associated with larger risks of cardiovascular mortality than would be expected on the basis of linear extrapolations of the relative risks from active smoking. This study directly assessed the shape of the exposure-response relationship between cardiovascular mortality and fine p...