Throughout the Sierra Nevada, nearly a century of fire suppression has altered the tree species composition, forest structure, and fire regimes that were previously characteristic of montane forests. Species composition is fundamentally important because species differ in their tolerances to fire and environmental stressors, and these differences dictate future forest structure and influence fi...

We continue our study of the effects of pollen and seed migration on the cytonuclear structure of mixed-mating plant populations by analyzing two deterministic continent-island models under the critical assumption of paternal cytoplasmic inheritance. The major results of this study that contrast with our previous conclusions based on maternal cytoplasmic inheritance are (i) pollen gene flow can...

--Foraging behavior in the closely related Hairy (Picoides villosus) and Whiteheaded (P. albolarvatus) woodpeckers was examined in an area of sympatry to evaluate interseasonal and intersexual resource use. Similar foraging heights were observed for each species-sex sample during summer, but significant differences were evident during winter. Male and female White-heads maintained similar relat...

Article 23.1 of the Code (Turland & al. in Regnum Veg. 159. 2018) rules that a specific epithet may have one three forms: “an adjective, noun genitive, or word apposition”. Of these three, “a apposition” is likely to be least clear modern reader, partly because declining familiarity with Latin among botanists, but also they often do not stand out as being this category. Upon taking closer look,...

Pertinent literature on the biological aspects of annosus root disease is reviewed. Key features of the life cycle of Heterobasidion annosum such as stump infection, stump colonization, host-parasite relations, and interactions of various physical and biological factors are discussed in relation to forest stands in the western United States. This review suggests our knowledge of the pathology o...

The roots of nearly all land plants form mycorrhizal symbioses with specialized soil fungi. The mycorrhizal fungi serve as extensions of plant roots, taking up nutrients and water and transferring them to the roots. In return, the mycorrhizal fungi receive their primary energy source in the form of simple sugars from plant photosynthates translocated to the roots. Sequoiadendron giganteum forms...