Cellulase catalyzes the hydrolysis of β-1,4-linkages of cellulose to produce industrially relevant monomeric subunits. Cellulases find their applications in pulp and paper, laundry, food and feed, textile, brewing industry and in biofuel production. These industries always have great demand for cellulases that can work efficiently even in harsh conditions such as high salt, heat, and acidic env...

HIV-1 integrase is an essential enzyme in the life cycle of the virus, responsible for catalyzing the insertion of the viral genome into the host cell chromosome; it provides an attractive target for antiviral drug design. The previously reported crystal structure of the HIV-1 integrase core domain revealed that this domain belongs to the superfamily of polynucleotidyltransferases. However, the...

We develop a microeconomic model of endogenous growth where clean and dirty technologies compete in production and innovation– in the sense that research can be directed to either clean or dirty technologies. If dirty technologies are more advanced to start with, the potential transition to clean technology can be diffi cult both because clean research must climb several rungs to catch up with ...

The Ramsey model of economic growth is revisited from the point of view of viability compared to optimality. A viable state is a state from which there exists at least one trajectory in capital, consumption, and reproduction that remains in the set of constraints of minimal consumption and positive wealth. There exists a largest set of viable states, including all others, called the viability k...

Cysteine mutagenesis and site-directed spin labeling in the C-terminal region of rhodopsin have been used to probe the local structure and proximity of that region to the cytoplasmic loops. Each of the native amino acids in the sequence T335-T340 was replaced with Cys, one at a time. The sulfhydryl groups of all mutants reacted rapidly with the sulfhydryl reagent 4,4'-dithiodipyridine, which in...

The adenine and guanine riboswitches regulate gene expression in response to their purine ligand. X-ray structures of the aptamer moiety of these riboswitches are characterized by a compact fold in which the ligand forms a Watson-Crick base pair with residue 65. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a strict restriction at position 39 of the aptamer that prevents the G39-C65 and A39-U65 combinations, ...

This paper introduces endogenous and directed technical change in a growth model with environmental constraints. A unique final good is produced by combining inputs from two sectors. One of these sectors uses “dirty” machines and thus creates environmental degradation. Research can be directed to improving the technology of machines in either sector. We characterize dynamic tax policies that ac...

In the paper, we suggest three tests on the validity of a factor model which can be applied for both, small-dimensional and large-dimensional data. The exact and asymptotic distributions of the resulting test statistics are derived under classical and highdimensional asymptotic regimes. It is shown that the critical values of the proposed tests can be calibrated empirically by generating a samp...

PURPOSE To evaluate the penile morphological modifications of pubertal and adult rats chronically treated with supra-physiological doses of anabolic androgenic steroids. METHODS Forty-eight male Wistar rats were distributed into four groups: two control groups, 105- and 65-day-old (C105 and C65, respectively) injected with peanut oil (vehicle); and two treated groups, 105- and 65-day-old (T10...