An emerging strategy for cancer gene therapy involves the transfer of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) gene into tumor cells, rendering them susceptible to the cytotoxic effects of ganciclovir. The observation that HSV-tk-expressing cells can also induce cell death in neighboring cells, which do not express HSV-tk, has been called the bystander effect. Gap junction-mediated tr...

STUDY OBJECTIVE We study the effect of a nationwide dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) program on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes by arrest location (public and private settings). METHODS All emergency medical services (EMS)-treated adults in Korea with out-of-hospital cardiac arrests of cardiac cause were enrolled between 2012 and 2013, excluding cases witnessed ...

Background The intention of cancer chemotherapy is to control the growth of cancer cells using chemical agents. However, the occurrence of second malignancies has raised concerns, leading to re-evaluation of the current strategy in use for chemotherapeutic agents. Although the mechanisms involved in second malignancy remain ambiguous, therapeutic-agent-induced non-DNA targeted effects like byst...

Non-targeted (bystander) effects of ionizing radiation are caused by intercellular signaling; they include production of DNA damage and alterations in cell fate (i.e. apoptosis, differentiation, senescence or proliferation). Biophysical models capable of quantifying these effects may improve cancer risk estimation at radiation doses below the epidemiological detection threshold. Understanding t...

Introduction: Radiation effects observed in cells that are not irradiated are known as non-targeted effects.  Radiation induced bystander effect (RIBE) as a kind of non-targeted effect has been introduced in recent  years.  RIBE  occurs  in  unexposed  cells  which  are  related  to  adjacent  or  distant  irradiated  cells.  RIBE  contradict with "target theory" which necessitates radiation tr...

A central paradigm in radiation biology has been that only cells ‘hit’ by a track of radiation would be affected to induce radiobiological consequences, and cells ‘not hit’ should not be. This is the basis of the current system for risk estimation of radiobiological effects. However, it has recently been challenged by so-called non-targeted effects, such as bystander effect, and such radiation-...

The efficacy of cancer gene therapy depends critically on "bystander effects" by which genetic modification of tumor cells results in killing of unmodified cells in the local microenvironment. In gene-dependent enzyme-prodrug therapy, expression of a prodrug-activating suicide gene is used to generate a cytotoxic metabolite that diffuses to nontransduced cells. The objective of this study was t...

Background: Radiation-induced bystander effect is a response which results in damage in non-irradiated cells in response to signals from the irradiated cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate microwave-induced bystander effect from a GSM mobile phone simulator on induction of apoptosis in Jurkat cell line. Materials and Methods: Jurkat cells were divided into three groups of non-...

The current study examined the extent to which the presence of misogynistic peers, relative to a non-misogynistic peers, obstructs bystander intervention behavior for sexual aggression among men, and how men’s tendency to appraise as stressful situations that conflict with traditional male gender norms (i.e., masculine gender role stress; MGRS) influences state fear following an audience manipu...

A central tenet in understanding the biological effects of ionizing radiation has been that the initially affected cells were directly damaged by the radiation. By contrast, evidence has emerged concerning "bystander" responses involving damage to nearby cells that were not themselves directly traversed by the radiation. These long-range effects are of interest both mechanistically and for asse...