Change to existing products is fundamental to design processes. New products are often designed through change or modification to existing products. Specific parts or subsystems are changed to similar ones whilst others are directly reused. Design by modification applies particularly to safety critical products where the reuse of existing working parts and subsystems can reduce cost and risk. H...

"Labelled drug-related public expenditure" is the direct expenditure explicitly labelled as related to illicit drugs by the general government of the state. As part of the reporting exercise corresponding to 2005, the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction's network of national focal points set up in the 27 European Union (EU) Member States, Norway, and the candidates countries...

We study a rental system where a fixed number of heterogeneous users rent one product at a time from a collection of reusable products. The online DVD rental firm Netflix provides the motivation. We assume that rental durations of each user are independent and identically distributed with finite mean. We study transient behavior in this system following the introduction of a new product that is...

this study was conducted to determine the chemical composition and metabolizable energy of poultry by-product meal (pbpm) from two slaughterhouses in iran. samples were analyzed for dry matter, crude protein, ash, ether extract and gross energy. the amounts of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, iron, manganese, copper and zinc were determined. the apparent metabolizable energy (...

Information gaps are one of the major obstacles identified for realization a circular economy. Therefore, so-called product passports (PPs) presented as solution in literature. A PP should provide necessary information to all stakeholders along product's value chain act more circularly. In general, systems (IS) close gaps, and this study, we identify PPs an instance green IS. Although essential...