according to the provisions of civil proceedings code, courts procedural principles and formalities are not required to be respected in arbitration. such provisions are differently interpreted by lawyers. some lawyers believe that since arbitration is a kind of personal judgment, it should not be subject to the civil procedure and therefore arbitrators directly or with the request of the partie...

In a party-based election voters are grouped into parties and the voters belonging to the same party are assumed to cast their votes according to the fixed party preference over the set of candidates. For such elections, we investigate the complexity of the following problem: can we make some distinguished candidate win (or lose) the election by bribing at most k voters to switch from their ori...

the condition within the contract is a principle that has been recognized in the islamic law but there is disagreement among the authorities concerning its impact on the condition of the contract in the two stages of formation and continuation of the contract. in the formation stage, the difference is in terms of the relation between the condition and the subject, concerning which, from among t...

In a party-based election, the voters are grouped into parties and all voters of a party are assumed to vote according to the party preferences over the candidates. Hence, once the party preferences are declared the outcome of the election can be predicted. However, in the actual election, the members of some “instable" parties often leave their own parties to join other parties. We introduce t...

signed ordinances are a major part of religious ordinances having existed as normative before the institution of divine canonization and having been approved without any or with slight modification by the legislator and having entered the canon law. some neo-mu‘tazilites believe these ordinances are related to the praxes of the time of legislation, and by the disappearance of those customs they...