This article emphasizes the limits of the effectiveness of Supreme Court-imposed restraints on police behavior. It argues that such effectiveness is mitigated by the milieu in which the police officer operates, by the characteristics of the police decisionmaking process, and by the relationship police have with their reference groups. The focus is not upon the Supreme Court, nor upon any single...

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In the first half of 19th century in structures Finance Ministry’s Department External Trade Russian Empire there were no operating regulations enabling classification and destruction documents produced as a result operation state administration offices. A gradual increase resulting from bureaucratic processes had direct influence on preparation rules that enabled records files, assigning them ...

The possibilities for good governance depends on institutional structures and the economic resources available for ensuring governance. In some cases centralised governance structures are inefficient. In other cases, decentralised structures turn out to be inadequate. In India decentralisation of power to village level has not improved the efficiency of rural development. Decentralisation of po...

This article develops a classificatory framework for analyzing advocacy group strategy in S&T policy domains — an area of increasing citizen activism since the 1960s. In such domains, activists may be locked out by what I call the ‘expertise barrier’, which blocks those lacking specialized knowledge from full participation. This article argues that activists’ strategies to break through the exp...

To accommodate the staggering increase in federal litigation that has occurred in recent years, the federal judicial process has been gradually, but significantly, transformed. The number of federal judges has dramatically increased at both the trial and appellate levels.' The number of law clerks and "staff attorneys" employed in the courts of appeals also has grown dramatically.2 Moreover, an...

This paper analyzes the determinants of multilateral aid from international financial institutions (IFIs) to Pakistan, focusing on the world three major IFIs, the World Bank, the IMF and the ADB. Political economic factors, notably bureaucratic interests and major shareholders economic interests, are suspected to be relevant in international aid allocation decisions. Pooled Tobit estimation ana...