The basal ganglia (BG) are a group of subcortical structures involved in diverse functions, such as motor, cognition and emotion. However, the BG do not control these functions directly, but rather modulate functional processes occurring in structures outside the BG. The BG form multiple functional loops, each of which controls different functions with similar architectures. Accordingly, to und...

The high cellulase enzyme dosages required for hydrolysis of cellulose is a major cost challenge in lignocellulosic ethanol production. One method to decrease the enzyme dosage and increase biocatalytic productivity is to re-use β-glucosidase (BG) via immobilization. In the present research, glutaraldehyde cross-linked BG was entrapped in calcium alginate gel particles. More than 60% of the enz...

INTRODUCTION The main objective of this study was to elucidate the importance of the basal ganglia (BG) and insula (INS) for nicotine addiction and smoking behavior. METHODS We used a lesion study examining the effects of BG and INS damage on changes in smoking behavior and nicotine dependence over time in a prospective manner. We studied whether combined BG and INS damage yields more substan...

All semigroups and monoids except free monoids and free groups are assumed finite in this paper. A monoid M divides a monoid N if M is a quotient of a submonoid of N . The set of idempotents of a monoid M is denoted E(M). The word “variety” will be used for pseudo-variety — that is, a collection of finite monoids closed under division and finite direct product. A block group is a monoid such th...

Hyperglycemia is common in patients hospitalized for critical illness, trauma or after surgery, and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The Glucosafe system was developed to provide decision support for control of stress hyperglycemia in the intensive care unit. Glucosafe uses an insulin-glucose model to predict blood glucose (BG) concentrations, based on the patients previous...

The completion theorem of Atiyah and Segal [AS] says that the complex K-theory group K(BG) of the classifying space of any compact Lie group G is isomorphic to R(G)̂ : the representation ring completed with respect to its augmentation ideal. However, the group K(BG) = [BG,Z × BU ] does not directly contain information about vector bundles over the infinite dimensional complex BG itself. The purp...

Objectives: The basal ganglia (BG) controls different patterns of behavior by receiving inputs from sensory-motor and pre-motor cortex and projecting it to pre-frontal, pre-motor and supplementary motor areas. As the exact role of BG in swallowing process has not been fully determined, we aimed at reviewing the published data on neurological control in the swallowing technique to have a better ...

Objective(s): The present study aimed to prepare polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds with high porosity and pore interconnectivity, in order to copy the microstructure of natural bones using the thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) technique. Materials and Methods: The scaffolds were coated with chitosan (CH), bioactive glass (BG), and gelatin nanoparticles (GEL NPs) and assessed using ...