A specific and sensitive assay for phenylethanolamine in tissues is described. By this assay, phenylethanolamine was detected in many peripheral tissues and brains of rats. It is unequally distributed in rat brain, with the highest concentration present in hypothalamus and midbrain. Concentrations of brain phenylethanolamine were elevated after administration of phenylethylamine, phenylalanine,...

Disruption of the blood-brain barrier may play a major role in the pathogenesis of hypertensive encephalopathy. In this study we determined whether sympathetic nerves to cerebral vessels protect the blood-brain barrier during chronic hypertension. We removed the cervical sympathetic ganglion on one side in 24 stroke-prone hypertensive rats when they were 1 month old. After signs of cerebral dys...

ATP is a cotransmitter with classical transmitters in most nerves in the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system, although the proportions vary between species and tissues and in different developmental, physiological and pathophysiological conditions. ATP is released together with noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y from sympathetic nerves. It is released as a cotransmitter with acet...

Acupuncture involves activating specific points on the skin, usually by inserting needles. was based principles of traditional Chinese Medicine. Traditional acupuncturists understood health in terms a vital force or energy called "Qi" that circulates between organs along channels meridians. The flow 'Qi' must be right strength and quality each these meridians so is maintained. Acupoints are loc...

The nervous system enables humans to process and respond to external and internal information. It is comprised of two major components: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, which are both enclosed in bone (the skull and the vertebrae) and surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The PNS consists of spinal nerves (o...

The development of methods to improve drug delivery for use in life-threatening diseases such as cancer and viral infections is urgently needed. Some drugs that have a system the central nervous are mostly into active targeted delivery. related human which complex, highly specialized interconnected network nerves. functions include: coordinating, interpreting controlling interaction between ind...

Various intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) helps in assessing the integritry of neural pathways during surgical treatment. IONM is an assistive tool to preserve fuction brain, brainstem, cranial nerve, spinal cord and peripheral nerves a great assest for neurosurgeons. Different application includes: MEP, SSEP, ABR, VEP, BCR AMR. Intraoperative neuromonitoring has become integr...

This study examined the ultrastructural distribution of agranular vesicle-containing nerve (AVN) and granular vesicle-containing nerve (GVN) in cat cerebral blood vessels fixed in KMnO4. The percentages of the AVN and GVN throughout the adventitial layer in the basilar, middle cerebral, and anterior cerebral arteries were 63.4 and 36.7, 53.9 and 46.1, and 60.2 and 39.8, respectively. The AVN in...