Botulism is a serious paralytic disease caused by Clostridium botulinum toxin in foods. There are seven recognized serotypes of botulinum neurotoxins among which the principal prevalent types in humans include A, B and E. Infant botulism results from intestinal colonization and toxin production by C. botulinum spores in babies less than 1 year old. Honey is the most important food discriminated...

A monoclonal antibody (BA11) has been produced against Clostridium botulinum type A neurotoxin by the fusion of myeloma cells (P3 NS1/1-Ag4-1) with spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with botulinum type A neurotoxoid. The antibody bound specifically to botulinum type A neurotoxin, showing no cross-reactivity with types B and E botulinum toxins or with any of several other bacterial toxins ...

The neurotoxins produced by Clostridium botulinum strains are among the world's most potent toxins and are the causative agents of paralytic botulism. Here, we present the draft genome sequence of the group III C. botulinum strain Eklund-C, including a pseudolysogen-like bacteriophage that harbors the type C neurotoxin operon.

B is a deadly disease caused by the toxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The botulinum toxin is a potent neurotoxin that impairs nerve function, including those of the diaphragm, leading to paralysis. When the nerves to the diaphragm are paralyzed, the affected animal stops breathing and will die as a result. C. botulinum is an anaerobic (lives without oxygen), gram-positive,...

Botulinum neurotoxins and tetanus are the strongest known toxins that cause neuroparalytic syndromes in botulism tetanus. This review aimed to systematize scientific data on structures mechanism of actions botulinum neurotoxins. proteins containing functional domains responsible for receptor binding, transmembrane translocation, proteolytic cleavage required exocytosis synaptic vesicles release...

The mouse lethality test is the most sensitive method for confirming the diagnosis of infant botulism. Both Clostridium difficile and Clostridium botulinum produce heat-labile toxins which are lethal for mice and can be found in the feces of infants. These two toxins can be distinguished from one another in this assay when both are present in the same fecal specimen because they appear to be im...

Background: It is generally agreed that diffusion of botulinum toxin occurs, but the extent of the spread and its clinical importance are disputed. Many factors have been suggested to play a role but which have the most clinical relevance is a subject of much discussion. Methods: This review discusses the variables affecting diffusion, including protein composition and molecular size as well as...

botulism is a serious paralytic disease caused by clostridium botulinum toxin in foods. there are seven recognized serotypes of botulinum neurotoxins among which the principal prevalent types in humans include a, b and e. infant botulism results from intestinal colonization and toxin production by c. botulinum spores in babies less than 1 year old. honey is the most important food discriminated...

Clostridium botulinum comprises a diverse group of botulinum toxin-producing anaerobic rod-shaped spore-forming bacteria that are ubiquitously distributed in soils and aquatic sediments. Decomposition of plants, algae, and animals creates anaerobic environments that facilitate growth of C. botulinum, which may then enter into food webs leading to intoxication of animals. Via saprophytic utiliza...

Hyperhidrosis is a common and under-recognized disease in the pediatric population that has a significant impact on quality of life. Focal and generalized forms of hyperhidrosis exist, which can be idiopathic or secondary to underlying medical conditions or medications. Treatment is tailored to the specific patient needs, characteristics and goals. These include topical preparations, iontophore...