Background: Cigarette smoking has been linked with the suppression of immune responses and increased susceptibility to numerous infections in humans. Tetanus is also a major public health problem in many countries. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the serum levels of anti-tetanus toxin antibodies in c igarette smoking and healthy non-smoking people .   Materials and M...

Background. The diarrhoeal shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxin is a powerful marine biological toxin. Eating DSP toxin-contaminated mussels will lead to serious gastrointestinal diseases. To this end, method for the detection of toxins using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy combined with pattern recognition proposed. Material and methods. In range from 950−1700 nm, spectral data healthy DSP-c...

Background and Objective:Outbreak of food-borne diseases has become more and more important these days and using natural food preservers with high durability is under debate. Vegetative essence is a type of food preserver and many studies have been performed on their antimicrobial effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate antibacterial effects of lavender essence on...

introduction: clostridium difficile is the etiologic agent of several infections such as pseudomembranous colitis in human. these diseases are frequently associated with antibiotic useage but many infections with this organisms are seen without antibiotic administration. in addition it is believed that clostridium difficile is one of the most important bacteria involved in acquired hospital inf...

Seeds of the castor bean plant Ricinuscommunis L (CB) contain ricin toxin (RT), one of the most poisonous naturally-occurring substances known. Ricin toxin, a water-soluble glycoprotein that does not partition into the oil extract, is a ribosome-inactivating toxin composed of two chains, labeled A and B. Severity of the toxicity varies depending on the route of exposure to the toxin. Inhalation...

Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, obligate anaerobic bacterium, which is widely distributed in the environment. C. perfringens is subdivided to 5 groups (types A to E), based on its four major toxin (alpha, beta, epsilon and iota). C. perfringens type B beta toxin causes inflammation and bloody necrotic enteritis. Type B related enterotoxaemia is a major problem of veterinary sciences...

Bacillus cereus is a versatile organism which causes two distinct types of food poisoning by producing toxins. Toxin formation in B. very much complex process involving co-regulation multiple genes exerting control at transcriptional, translational and post-translational level such regulations too are often influenced extrinsic factors. A comprehensive understanding factors crucial for holistic...

cholera toxin b subunit (ctxb) is a homopantameric, nontoxic subunit of cholera toxin that is responsible for its binding to the cell and has been known as a mucosal adjuvant for vaccines that could increase homoral and mocusal immunity response. in this work, the ctxb gene was fused to the stxb gene from shigella dysenteriae type i a vaccine antigen candidate against this pathogen, by a nonfur...

conclusions obtained data demonstrated that the designed assay is an accurate, easy, rapid, and cost-effective tool for detecting v. cholerae that can serve as an alternate to current bacteriological tests. background several epidemic and endemic cases have been reported involving vibrio cholerae (v. cholerae) as a causative organism in serious diarrheal diseases with high mortality. hence, qui...