The ability to detect and learn contingencies between fearful stimuli and their predictive cues is an important capacity to cope with the environment. Contingency awareness refers to the ability to verbalize the relationships between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. Although there is a heated debate about the influence of contingency awareness on conditioned fear responses, neural correla...

Children perceive hospitalization as an event that can be stressful. The main stressors in are anxiety due to separation, loss of control, bodily injury and pain. stressor will cause regression, refusing cooperate or being uncooperative during the action. Cooperative cooperation is a joint effort between individuals groups people achieve one several common goals. Parental support attitude, acti...

Self-ascription of a property is said to be immune to error through misidentification relative to the first-person if and only if one cannot be mistaken about the person who instantiates the property when one has gained information about the property in the appropriate way (although one can be mistaken about the property one ascribes to oneself) (Evans, 1982). For instance, if I think that I am...

Emotions are often felt in the body, and somatosensory feedback has been proposed to trigger conscious emotional experiences. Here we reveal maps of bodily sensations associated with different emotions using a unique topographical self-report method. In five experiments, participants (n = 701) were shown two silhouettes of bodies alongside emotional words, stories, movies, or facial expressions...

The search for contingency approaches to information systems design (ISD) began in the early 1980s when it was recognised that there is no single best methodology for all ISD projects and when there existed heterogeneous methodologies to select from. Twenty years later, there is now in the IS field not one, but three contingency approaches: ‘contingency at the outset’, ‘contingency with a fixed...

Contingency is a ubiquitous component of project cost estimating. This paper provides a review of the literature pertaining to the estimating of project cost contingency. It describes the flaws of the tradition percentage method for estimating project cost contingency and sets out more robust estimation methods regression analysis, Monte Carlo simulation and artificial neutral networks. In part...

The present study captures the dynamics of neural processing across positively contingent, negatively contingent, and noncontingent relations. In the setting of a hypothetical chat room conversation, participants rated the contingency of emotional response between two individuals. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were time-locked to the onset of each emotional event. Although each event alone wa...