This paper investigates the gender wage gap in Denmark, the Netherlands, France and Spain by boostrapping the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition. The boostrap method is used to compute confidence intervals and to perform hypothesis tests for the (disaggregated) explained and unexplained components of the national earnings differentials between men and women. From the subset of paid employees selected...

Using firm level data from eight Sub-Saharan Africa countries we examine credit constraint differentials between male and female manufacturing entrepreneurs. Enterprises owned by female entrepreneurs are less likely to be credit constrained compared to their male counterparts. The magnitude of this credit constraint gap varies with constraint and ownership definitions but the direction of the g...

background the current study aimed to determine eye care utilization, to assess the role of economic inequality in the utilization of eye care services, and to identify its determinants in shahroud, north of iran.   methods of the 6,311 invited people, 5,190 (82.24%) individuals aged 40 to 64 years old participated in the study. a history of a visit by an ophthalmologist or optometrist was cons...

BACKGROUND United States health care spending rose rapidly in the 2000s, after a period of temporary slowdown in the 1990s. However, the description of the overall trend and the understanding of the underlying drivers of this trend are very limited. This study investigates how well historical hospital cost/revenue drivers explain the recent hospital spending trend in the 2000s, and how importan...

Despite profound distributional concerns, studies on undernutrition in India (or elsewhere) have exclusively focused on inter-personal inequalities whereas estimates regarding the magnitude of intersecting inequalities are unavailable. As such, an explicit concern for horizontal intersecting inequalities not only substantiates the intrinsic concern for equity but also offers vital policy insigh...

The authors assessed the role of economic inequality in visual impairment and decomposed the gap between high and low income groups. Study data were extracted from the first phase of the Shahroud Eye Cohort Study, performed in 2009, with 5,190 participants aged between 40 and 64 years. The participants were divided into low, medium, and high economic groups according to their assets by using a ...

Data on 778 establishments indicates that firms in Kenya rely on technologies such as computers, generators, and cell-phones to conduct operations when regulations, infrastructure, security, workforce, corruption, and finance pose significant hurdles in the business environment. Obstacles related to regulations, security, and workforce, increase the probability of technology ownership, whereas ...

Abstract This paper provides new evidence on the magnitude and determinants of regional differences in gender pay gap. On basis a comprehensive data set all full‐time employees Germany, we explain profound variation gap at small‐scale level with theory‐based individual job‐related characteristics. Using Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition, find pronounced spatial impact considered determinants. Wherea...