BACKGROUND The observed rate of recurrent disc herniation after limited posterior lumbar discectomy is highest in patients with posterior wide annular defects, according to the Carragee classification of type II (fragment-defect) disc hernia. Although the recurrent herniation rate is lower in both type III (fragment-contained) and type IV (no fragment-contained) patients, recurrent persistent s...

A 42-year-old man with a history of benign incidental dorsal trauma 5 years earlier presented with progressive weakness of the right leg for 2 years. Clinical examination revealed decreased left-sided pain, temperature, and light touch sensation below the level of T2, right leg weakness, normal proprioception, and increased deep tendon reflexes in the right leg, in absence of bladder dysfunctio...

An eleven year old female child presented with abnormal structure over the genital area since birth and continuous urine leak. Patient had history of premature birth at 28 weeks of gestation. Anus was anteriorly displaced in exstrophy complex. Labia majora and minora were divergent and clitoris was bifid. Two normal vaginas were present on both sides lateral to genitourinary complex structure. ...

PURPOSE The surgical correction of bladder exstrophy to achieve continence with voiding remains a challenging problem for the urologist. Since 1989 we have performed complete primary repair for exstrophy based on the concept that the primary defect of bladder and cloacal exstrophy is anterior herniation. Thus, the bladder and urethra must be treated as a single unit to move them posteriorly int...

Herniation of urinary bladder is rare [1] and when present, it commonly involves either inguinal or femoral canal accounting for almost 1-3 % of all inguinal hernias [2]. Very often such hernias are asymptomatic and turns out to be an incidental finding in an imaging carried out for some other clinical indications [3]. Inguinal hernias may be direct or indirect. Indirect inguinal hernia protrud...

The authors report the case of a 24-year-old man who presented with sudden onset quadriplegia while doing a bench press in the supine position. He had a history of cervical disc herniation at the C6/7 level. Plain x-rays showed no spinal fracture and no spinal canal stenosis. MRI revealed a C6/7 disc herniation that severely compressed the spinal cord. Physical exam showed complete spinal cord ...