Two pathways have been postulated for the conversion of propionic acid to pyruvic acid by liver mitochondria. Mahler and Huennekens (1953) suggested that propionic acid was oxidized to acrylic acid which was converted to pyruvic acid through Land D-lactic acids. The alternative pathway involves a direct carboxylation of propionic acid to succinic acid (Lardy and Adler, 1956; Flavin et al., 1955...

Poly(l-glutamate) (PGlu) was modified with a second-generation dendron to obtain the dendronized polyglutamate, P(Glu-D). Synthesized P(Glu-D) exhibited a degree of polymerization (DPn) of 46 and a 43% degree of dendronization. Perfect agreement was found between the P(Glu-D) expected structure and the results of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and size-exclusion chromatography co...

Three Phe and Tyr derivatives, 2-amino-3-(4-aminophenyl)-propionic acid (AAP), 3E-[5-(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)-2-methoxyphenyl]-acrylic acid (AMPA) and 3-(4-aminophenyl)-2-(carboxymethyl-amino)-propionic acid (ACP) have been chosen as the ligands to construct four kinds of novel metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) (five structures). These structures are, [Cd(II){(R)-AAP}(Py)(H(2)O)](ClO(4)), (R)-1; ...

At the dimer interface of the extracellular ligand-binding domain of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors a hydrophilic pocket is formed that is known to interact with two classes of positive allosteric modulators, represented by cyclothiazide and the ampakine 2H,3H,6aH-pyrrolidino(2,1-3',2')1,3-oxazino(6',5'-5,4)benzo(e)1,4-dioxan-10-one (CX614). Here, we prese...

Synthesis of 2-(4-sec-butyl-phenyl)-propionic acid-pyrrolidin-2-ylcarbamoyl methyl ester with bio-isosteric concept for ibuprofen with enhancing anti-inflammatory potential. Ibuprofen on refluxing with 2-amino pyridine in chloroacetyl chloride in presence of glacial acetic acid gave 2-(4-sec-butyl-phenyl)-propionic acid-pyrrolidin-2-yl-carbamoyl methyl ester, which can be used as a prodrug for ...

In the amide segment of the title compound, C(12)H(15)NO(3) {systematic name: 3-[(2,6-dimethyl-phen-yl)amino-carbon-yl]propionic acid}, the N-H and C=O bonds are anti to each other. The mol-ecules are packed into a two-dimensional array via N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

The localization of subunits of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) selective glutamate receptor, termed Glutamate receptor (GluR) was examined in the rat cochlea using affinity purified polyclonal antibody to GluR subunits (GluR 1-4). GluR 2/3 and GluR 4 immunoreactive (IR) staining was observed in rat spiral ganglion cells, while GluR 1 IR was not. GluR 4 IR s...

Only a few agonists exhibit selectivity between the AMPA and the kainate subtypes of the glutamate receptor. The most commonly used kainate receptor preferring agonist, (S)-2-amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid [(S)-ATPA], is an (R,S)-2-amino-3-(5-methyl-3-hydroxy-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid (AMPA) derivative in which the methyl group at the 5-position of the isoxazole r...

background: the high percentage of consumed antibiotics by humans and animals is excreted with other residues from the body after its performance. by entering these compounds to the wastewater, they can disrupt the anaerobic treatment process. in this study, deterrent behavior of two ampicillin and gentamicin antibiotics are investigated on specific methanogenic activity (sma) of anaerobic biom...

A new biomimetic model for the heterodinuclear heme/copper center of respiratory oxidases is described. It is derived from iron(III) protoporphyrin IX by covalent attachment of a Gly-L-His-OMe residue to one propionic acid substituent and an amino-bis(benzimidazole) residue to the other propionic acid substituent of the porphyrin ring, yielding the Fe(III) complex 1, and subsequent addition of ...