introduction individual x-ray diffraction patterns of biological tissues are obtained via interference of coherent scattering with their electrons. many scientists have distinguished normal and cancerous breast tissue, bone density, and urinary stone types using the x-ray diffraction patterns resulting from coherent scattering. the goal of this study was to introduce an optimized method for obt...

Tissue engineering (TE) combines scaffolds, cells, and chemical physical cues to replace biological tissues [...]

Abstract Biological soft tissues manipulation, including conventional (mechanical) and nonconventional (laser, waterjet ultrasonic) processes, is critically required in most surgical innervations. However, the tissues, with their nature of anisotropic viscoelastic mechanical properties, high biological heat sensitivities, are difficult to manipulated. Moreover, thermal induced damage on surface...