Introduction: Various therapeutic options such as Calcitonin are suggested for patients with low bone density. However, the efficacy remains uncertain in all patients. C-telopeptide of type I collagen (CTx) is the authentic bone marker which is recently used to assess the bone turnover. This study aimed at revealing the therapeutic effects of Calcitonin on osteopenic women via ...

Biological markers in nasal secretions provide valuable information on nasal pathophysiology. However, published data on biomarker concentrations in nasal fluids are remarkably inconsistent, and the bias due to different sampling techniques, has not yet been systematically evaluated. Concentrations of various protein were repeatedly determined in nasal secretions of 16 healthy volunteers. The p...

New biological markers of myocardial injury have improved the management of patients with acute coronary syndromes. Among these markers, the most relevant are the cardiac troponins (troponin I and troponin T) because of their cardiospecificity, and myoglobin because of its combination of diagnostic sensitivity and usefulness for an early diagnosis. The serial analysis and combined use of both m...

Individual animals differ from each other on a number of biological levels. At the most basic level, the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of each animal is different, and transcription of the DNA code yields variations at the protein level, which in turn give rise to individual diversity at the physical level. In recent years, accessing the primary genetic code of individual animals has become strai...

The importance of biological monitoring, to detect exposure to toxicants and to aid in making decisions about prevention and human health risks, is widely recognized. Thus, in the past few years the study of biomarkers has been the focus of considerable interest in the fields of toxicology, epidemiology, occupational and environmental health (1-5). The development of neurotoxicity is a multiste...

The challenges for establishing an early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have created a need for biomarkers that reflect the core pathology of the disease. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of total Tau (T-tau), phosphorylated Tau (P-Tau) and beta-amyloid peptide (Ab42) reflect, respectively, neurofibrillary tangle and amyloid pathologies and are considered as surrogate markers of AD p...

OBJECTIVES This article presents an overview of the current literature on biological markers for alcoholism, including markers associated with the pharmacological effects of alcohol and markers related to the clinical course and treatment of alcohol-related problems. Many of these studies are well known, while other studies cited are new and still being evaluated. METHODS In this paper we fir...

Biological markers for depression are of great interest to aid in elucidating the causes of major depression. We assess currently available biological markers to query their validity for aiding in the diagnosis of major depression. We specifically focus on neurotrophic factors, serotonergic markers, biochemical markers, immunological markers, neuroimaging, neurophysiological findings, and neuro...