There is a long normative ‘Social Contract’ tradition that attempts to characterize ex-post income inequalities that are agreeable to all ‘behind a veil of ignorance.’ This paper takes a similar normative approach to characterize social decision-making procedures. It is shown that quite generally some form of majority-voting is preferred to unanimity ‘behind a veil of ignorance’ whenever societ...

The dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) have been regarded as one of the most promising new generation solar cells. Tremendous research efforts have been invested to improve the efficiency of solar energy conversion which is generally determined by the light harvesting efficiency, electron injection efficiency and undesirable electron lifetime. In this review, various characteristics of dye-...

here, we have considered the husimi and wigner distribution functions. we have, inparticular, shown how the uncertainty principle works for the two cases of simple and damped harmonicoscillators when either of these two distributions are used. the conclusion shows that the husimidistribution function remains non-negative through the phase space but it does not always satisfies theuncertainty pr...

Abstract The Energy Efficiency First (EE1st) principle has recently been placed onto the political agenda in European Union (EU). While general rationale for EE1st is described EU legislation and supporting literature, a common understanding of principle’s implications energy-related planning, investment, policymaking still missing. Based on an exploratory review objective this article to impro...

the principle of equality of arms means that each party in an action shall present her claim in an environment so that this does not put him in a worse condition compared to the other party of the trial. this principle has been internationally and locally embraced by authorities. from the perspective of international documents, the acceptance of this principle is partly influenced by the accept...

the principle of party-disposition (or what is called “le principe dispositif” in the french law) is one of the guiding principles for civil trial. according to this principle, the civil proceeding is regarded as the parties’s thing, so they can make any disposition on their proceeding, inter alia they are be able to commence and terminate it, determine the matters of fact and finally judge is ...

applying two definitions of the union of if-events, p. grzegorzewski gave two generalizations of the inclusion-exclusion principle for if-events.in this paper we prove an inclusion-exclusion principle for if-states based on a method which can also be used to prove grzegorzewski's inclusion-exclusion principle for probabilities on if-events.finally, we give some applications of this principle by...

walnut is one of the important products in kerman province and baft town is the main area of ‎walnut orchards. so the technical, allocative and economical efficiency of walnut farmers computed ‎assign the degree of farmer’s success in the optimum allocation of their resources. at first the ‎proper production function was estimated, and then stochastic frontier production and technical, ‎efficie...

if in multiple offences deserving legal punishment (ḥadd) the perpetrated offences are similar, the punishments interfere and the person is sentenced to one legal punishment. this judgment is disputable from two perspectives. firstly, it is against the principle of non-interference of causes and effects. secondly, it is against the principle of justice and causes disturbance in public security ...