conclusions adding low dose of ribavirin to peg ifn alfa-2a for treatment of chronic hepatitis c patients with genotype-1 was “highly cost effective” and in patients with low viral load and in previous monotherapy resistant patients was “cost effective.” results the incremental cost effectiveness ratio (icer) for combination therapy in genotype-1 and genotypes non-1 subgroups was 2,673 and 19,2...

conclusions we have demonstrated that ibgms, while not reaching statistical significance, may be associated with slightly reduced a1c and cost due to visiting physicians. results there is a trend of lowered total cost in the intervention group compared to the control group. the control group spent $210.89 per year on visits to physicians; the intervention group spent $131.26 (p = 0.128). patien...

Abstract Most cost-benefit analyses assume that the estimates of costs and benefits are more or less accurate unbiased. But what if, in reality, highly inaccurate biased? Then assumption analysis is a rational way to improve resource allocation would be fallacy. Based on largest dataset its kind, we test cost benefit public investments We find this not case with overwhelming statistical signifi...

Abstract Drawing upon recent studies that empirically estimate both the benefits and costs of trade, this paper addresses a simple important question: By how much do increased global trade outweigh costs? To best our knowledge, is first attempt to answer question at World Bank income-grouping levels using estimated relationships from cost literature. Using structural gravity model, we simulate ...

When an individual thinks about a problem, his decision to reason further may involve a tradeoff between cognitive costs and a notion of value. But it is not obvious that this is always the case, and the value of reasoning is not well-defined. This paper analyzes the primitive properties of the reasoning process that must hold for the decision to stop thinking to be represented by a cost-benefi...

We determined that siderophore production is an appropriate cooperative trait for our experiment.Wemeasured the growth rates of a wild-type strain that produces the primary siderophore, pyoverdin (cooperator), and a mutant strain that does not (cheater), either when alone or in mixed cultures where the other strainwas present, and at a variety of iron availabilities. Both strains were grown ove...