The analyses of flagellar movement stimulated by Sir James Gray's (1955) photographic study of the movement of sea-urchin spermatozoa have used sine waves as a convenient mathematical model for the active bending waves of flagella. Machin (1958), following a suggestion of Pringle (1957), outlined an attractively simple model for the mechanical co-ordination of bending elements distributed along...

A flexural model of four-point bending fatigue that has been experimentally validated for human cortical bone under load control was used to determine how load and displacement control testing affects the fatigue behavior of human cortical bone in three-point and symmetric four-point bending. Under load control, it was predicted that three-point bending produced no significant differences in fa...

This paper presents an industrial application of optical 3-D sensing based on the principle of light sectioning. The presented project aims at an in-process measurement of the bending angle in a commercial bending machine. Air bending is a valuable manufacturing method in a flexible and computer integrated manufacturing system, because it allows forming of sheet metals with a great variety of b...

In the present paper, the different techniques used for the determination of changes of surface stress of solid electrodes, as well as the kind and quality of information that can be achieved using these methods are discussed. The most important methods are briefly reviewed and advantages/drawbacks highlighted. Special attention is paid to issues related to the use of the “bending beam” (“bendi...

We present a detailed model of dimensional changes in long length artifacts, such as step gauges and ball bars, due to bending under gravity. The comprehensive model is based on evaluation of the gauge points relative to the neutral bending surface. It yields the errors observed when the gauge points are located off the neutral bending surface of a bar or rod but also reveals the significant er...

According to the direct homogenization theory of inhomogeneous material, a single medium homogenization constitutive model of the confined concrete in the steel box-concrete combined member has been established, and model parameters have been determined by the measured data of the bending test. By analyzing the theoretical ultimate strength and overall process curve, the results obtained is con...

In recent years asymmetric cross section aluminum alloy stock has been finding increasing use in various industrial manufacturing areas such as general structures and automotive components. In these areas, components are generally required to have complex curved configuration and, as such, a bending process is required during manufacture. Undesirable deformation in bending processes such as fla...

in this paper, a closed form solution for bending and free vibration analyses of simply supported rectangular laminated composite plates is presented. the static and free vibration behavior of symmetric and antisymmetric laminates is investigated using a refined first-order shear deformation theory. the winkler–pasternak two-parameter model is employed to express the interaction between the lam...