The acronymLASER, constructed fromLightAmplification byStimulatedEmission of Radiation, has become so common and popular in every day life that it is now referred to as laser. Fundamental theories of lasers, their historical development from milliwatts to petawatts in terms of power, operation principles, beam characteristics, and applications of laser have been the subject of several books [1–...

background: ionizing radiation causes deleterious effects on living system mainly due to oxidative damages of macromolecules and protein is the major target due to its abundance. the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ionizing radiation induced changes in the molecular properties of bovine serum albumin (bsa) its secondary and tertiary structures, degradation, cross linking and...

Introduction Ionising radiation is widely used in medicine, industry and education. Most people are familiar with medical applications for diagnosis and treatment of disease. However the public at large is probably not aware just how commonly it is used in industry. Such uses include: the measurement and control of various processes e.g. liquid levels in bottling and canning plants and the thic...

An important mindset of practical engineers is to build systems from simple and reliable components while maximizing functionality and performance with a minimal number of basic devices. Diodes are among those building blocks that are frequently part of electrically circuits. They are simple two-terminal devices which conditionally pass current in one direction. Despite their simplistic nature,...

Many areas of spectroscopy have benefited from the use of laser radiation sources. I present a discussion of the basic properties of the laser and how these properties can be advantageous when laser excitation is used in fluorometry. Although the laser has not yet been accepted as a routine instrument in the clinical laboratory, its unique properties have rendered it useful in several analytica...

The optical and surface-energy properties of polyethylene (PE) subjected to γ-irradiation post-radiation, high temperature, shear grinding are presented. Comparison the IR spectra initial γ-irradiated PE shows that oxygen-containing groups unsaturated bonds in polymer macromolecules formed accumulate during their radiolysis air, increasing with dose. A redistribution products radiation-chemical...