An H12N8 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) was isolated from a wild bird in China in 2011. It is the first report of isolation of the H12N8 subtype AIV in Asia. Phylogenetic analysis results suggested it is a reassortant, and all eight gene segments belong to the Eurasian gene pool.

In 2007, we isolated a natural recombinant H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) from the fecal droppings of a white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons) in South Korea. Phylogenetic analyses of the complete genome sequence showed that polymerase acidic (PA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes belonged to the Eurasian lineage AIV, but polymerase basic 2 (PB2), PB1, hemagglutinin (HA), nucleoprotein (NP), matrix...

Despite the importance of migratory birds in the ecology and evolution of avian influenza virus (AIV), there is a lack of information on the patterns of AIV spread at the intra-continental scale. We applied a variety of statistical phylogeographic techniques to a plethora of viral genome sequence data to determine the strength, pattern and determinants of gene flow in AIV sampled from wild bird...

Influenza A virus continue to cause widespread morbidity and mortality. The unprecedented spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 in Egypt is threatening poultry and public health systems. Effective diagnosis and control management are needed to control the disease. To this end, polyclonal antibodies (PAbs) were developed against the H5N1 avian influenza virus (AIV) and u...

Avian influenza virus (AIV) is enzootic to wild birds, which are its natural reservoir. The virus exhibits a large degree of genetic diversity and most of the isolated strains are of low pathogenicity to poultry. Although AIV is nearly ubiquitous in wild bird populations, highly pathogenic H5N1 subtypes in poultry have been the focus of most modeling efforts. To better understand viral ecology ...

H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) has continued to spread and poses a significant threat to both animal and human health. Current influenza vaccine strategies have limitations that prevent their effective use for widespread inoculation of animals in the field. Vaccine strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), however, have been used successfully to easily vaccinate large numb...

In humans, influenza A viruses cause yearly outbreaks with high morbidity and excess fatality rates as a direct effect. Placed in its ecological niche, however - in dabbling ducks - avian influenza virus (AIV) induces quite a mild disease. It is when the virus crosses the species barrier that pathogenic traits are attributed to infection. When infecting phylogenetically more distant species (i....

A field strain of H3N6 avian influenza virus (AIV), A/duck/Guangxi/175D12/2014(H3N6), was isolated from a native duck in Guangxi Province, southern China, in 2014. All of the eight AIV gene segments were sequenced, and sequence results revealed that there were 11 amino acid deletions at the NA stalk region. The NA, PB2, and NP genes showed highest homology to H5N6 AIV, and the PA gene showed hi...

We report here the complete genome sequence of a novel reassortant H4N2 avian influenza virus strain, A/duck/Guangxi/125D17/2012(H4N2) (GX125D17), isolated from a duck in Guangxi Province, China in 2012. We obtained the complete genome sequence of the GX125D17 virus isolation by PCR, cloning, and sequencing. Sequence analysis revealed that this H4N2 virus strain was a novel reassortant avian in...

The unprecedented spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 in Asia and Europe is threatening animals and public health systems. Effective diagnosis and control management are needed to control the disease. To this end, we developed a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the H5N1 avian influenza virus (AIV) and implemented an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosor...