Given a collection of random variables i ] i2N where N is a nite nonempty set, the corresponding multiinformation function ascribes the relative entropy of the joint distribution of i ] i2A with respect to the product of distributions of individual random variables i for i 2 A to every subset A N. We argue it is a useful tool for problems concerning stochastic (conditional) dependence and indep...

There is a systematic and suggestive analogy between grounding and causation. In my view, this is no coincidence: grounding and causation resemble one another because grounding is a type of causation. I defend the identification of grounding with metaphysical causation from some initial objections, and I draw on the causation literature to explore connections between grounding and counterfactua...

Problem: distinguish chance regularities from causal regularities. Lewis’s solution: use ideal theory – promote those regularities to causal that, under reflective equilibrium, given all the evidence, retain their regularity under a nearest possible worlds account of counterfactuals Thus, R2: A causes B iff B is later than A and there is a constant conjunction of events of type A and type B in ...

When is a cause of a cause of an effect also a cause of that effect? The right answer is either “Sometimes” or “Always”. In favour of “Always”, transitivity is considered by some to be necessary for distinguishing causes from redundant noncausal events. Moreover transitivity may be motivated by an interest in an unselective notion of causation, untroubled by principles of invidious discriminati...

Abstract This paper focuses on a class of variational inequalities (VIs), where the map defining VI is given by component-wise conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) random function. We focus solving using sample average approximation, solutions are estimated with that uses empirical estimates CVaRs. establish two properties for this scheme. First, under continuity and uncertainty taking values in bo...

According to common judicial standard, judgment in favor of plaintii should be made if and only if it is \more probable than not" that the defendant's action was the cause for the plaintii's damage (or death). This paper provides formal semantics, based on structural models of counterfactuals, for the probability that event x was a necessary or suucient cause (or both) of another event y. The p...