May-June 2012 To the Editor: In the SeptemberOctober 2011 issue, Daniel Groll addresses the question of what health care providers can know about patients’ interests (“What Health Care Providers Know”). He offers helpful refinements to my claim in Patient, Heal Thyself (Oxford, 2008) that generally health providers cannot know what serves patient interests. I am honored that a careful student o...

The authority of a leader is enhanced when her commands or recommendations for action are obeyed. The authority of a leader is also enhanced when her commands are "principled" based on good reasons and therefore the leader is seen to be acting in the interests of her followers. But for a leader interested in maintaining her authority, there is often a con ict between these strategies. For examp...

This paper presents a comparative study of forest management across four countries in East Africa and Latin America: Kenya, Uganda, Bolivia, and Mexico. It focuses on one question: Do varying proportions of women (low, mixed, high) in forest user groups influence their likelihood of adopting forest resource enhancing behavior? We found that higher proportions of females in user groups, and espe...

This article investigates the contribution of Spinoza and authors his circle (Antistius Constans, Van den Enden Koerbagh) on modern conception tolerance. In Tractatus theologico-politicus (1670), launches libertas philosophandi-question integrating two kinds freedom between which there is a tension: thought speech religious conscience. As means living acting in society light one’s own interests...

Law Number 23 of 2014 requires local governments to obtain a register number in the formation Perda (regional regulation) as part supervision. Furthermore, 15 Year 2019 Regional Governments harmonize, unify, and implement conceptions Regulations coaching. In context regional autonomy, constitution gives authority regions regulate manage government affairs by themselves according principles auto...

5. Auditor or Certification Authority certifies that the election results are correct and have been determined as originally specified. Who the Auditor is depends on who the results are being certified for. In physical elections in the US this role is played by a specified government/judicial official. In physical elections in some countries like India, this role is played by a citizen who is n...