Background: Leadership has not always shown its nice face; rather, in some cases, it has exhibited the dark part such as the authoritarian leadership and Machiavellian leadership which could negatively affects the organization and its performance. Therefore, the purpose of current study is to explain the mediating role of authoritarian leadership and organizational cynicism in the relationship ...

The Role of Child-Rearing Practices in the Socialization Processes of Junior High School Students: A Socio-Cultural Perspective M. Hossaynnejaad H. Abdollaahzaadeh, Ph.D. From a Vygotskian perspective since children construct their value systems through interaction with others, they can become self-regulated if their culture emphasizes such a characteristic via the child-reari...

The relation between parenting styles and adolescent outcomes was analyzed in a sample of 1,198 15-18-year-old Brazilians. The adolescents were classified into 1 of 4 groups (Authoritative, Authoritarian, Indulgent, and Neglectful) on the basis of their own ratings of their parents on two dimensions: Acceptance/ Involvement and Strictness/Imposition. The adolescents were then contrasted along t...