The statistical structure of the natural visual environment influences the strategies for sensory processing in the retina and the thalamus of primates, where second-order redundancy is reduced, and in the primary visual areas of cortex, where filters with high output-kurtosis, which expose the “sparseness” of the visual environment, are believed to facilitate scene parsing and object segmentat...

BACKGROUND Brain computer interfaces (BCIs) are one of the last communication options for patients in the locked-in state (LIS). For complete LIS patients, interfaces must be gaze-independent due to their eye impairment. However, unimodal gaze-independent approaches typically present levels of performance substantially lower than gaze-dependent approaches. The combination of multimodal stimuli ...

background and aim: today, bilingualism is a developing phenomenon which half of the world population is bilingual. auditory system is the main route to language learning, so it is expected that bilingualism has an effect on functions of the auditory system. auditory memory is one of the auditory processes which is a cornerstone of linguistic skills and learning process growth, so that, it has ...

Long-term memory integrates the multimodal information acquired through perception into unified concepts, supporting object recognition, thought, and language. While some theories of human cognition have considered concepts to be abstract symbols, recent functional neuroimaging evidence has supported an alternative theory: that concepts are multimodal representations associated with the sensory...

Guidelines for cartographic symbolization, developed over several hundred years, have focused almost exclusively on visual design elements for maps. Recent attention on the personal computer and the Internet as a means for map display and map dissemination has resulted in more discussion about symbolization guidelines, particularly in settings where the scale of map display is dynamic and where...

We consider problems in sequence enumeration suggested by Stockhausen’s problem, and derive a generating series for the number of sequences of length k on n available symbols such that adjacent symbols are distinct, the terminal symbol occurs exactly r times, and all other symbols occur at most r − 1 times. The analysis makes extensive use of techniques from the theory of symmetric functions. E...

The simple deterministic grammar (s-grammar) is the standard form grammar in which the handles of the Z-rules are distinct for each nonterminal symbol Z. The language generated by an s-grammar is called the simple deterministic language (s-language). It is known that the s-languages have the the prefix property and that their equivalence problem is solvable. (Korenjak and Hopcroft, 1966). Using...