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For nearly 200 years, Western social science has argued that good government, embodied in democracy, originated exclusively Europe and was introduced to the rest of world. This Eurocentric vision profoundly shaped science's approach non-Western World (and pre-modern Europe). Importantly, distinct theories (e.g., Oriental Despotism, Substantivism, etc.) were developed address premodern state-bui...

By analyzing the case of Athens during Classical period (508-323 BCE) main thesis this paper is that under direct democracy procedures and related institutional setup, a monetary system without Central Bank may function relatively well. We focus on following issues: (i) Τhe currency issuing in Athenian city-state, (ii) why drachma become leading international Mediterranean world (iii) how towar...

The seismic design of new retaining structures is usually performed following modern norms. Nonetheless, there are various monumental (e.g., fortifications) with high vulnerability, which must be protected against earthquakes, while exist several limitations on the type mitigation measures that can applied to such cultural heritage structures. present study investigates numerically response and...

This article examines the design and social impact of waterways in Athens early 5thC BCE. While Athenian political landscape transitioned from a series tyrannies to democracy at end Archaic period (ca. 650-480 BCE), archaeological record also shows widespread innovation development public water systems, particularly sanitation supply. A movement away buildings constructed by tyrants facilitated...

the council of areopagus as a judicial establishment monitored the proper implementation of rule of law in the polis (city-state) of athens. while, the main responsibility and duty of areopagus was to adjudicate the cases of the most serious crimes, it intervened in the political affairs as well. eventually, after long-lasting political conflicts between athenian oligarchy and democracy, this e...

A Golomb Ruler is defined as a ruler that has marks unevenly spaced at integer locations in such a way that the distance between any two marks is unique. Unlike usual rulers, they have the ability to measure more discrete measures than the number of marks they possess. Although the definition of a Golomb Ruler does not place any restriction on the length of the ruler, researchers are usually in...