A four-dimensional ensemble variational (4D-EnVar) data assimilation has been developed for a limited area model. The integration of tangent linear and adjoint models, as applied in standard 4D-Var, is replaced with the use of an ensemble of non-linear model states to estimate fourdimensional background error covariances over the assimilation time window. The computational costs for 4D-En-Var a...

1. Introduction The Advanced TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (ATOVS) radiances have been operationally assimilated in the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) global 3D-Var data assimilation system since 28 May 2003. It replaced TOVS/ATOVS retrievals, which had been assimilated in the JMA global data assimilation system. The direct assimilation of ATOVS radiances is superior to its retrieval as...

Negative and Positive Assimilation By Prices and By Quantities This paper considers the labor market assimilation of immigrants in terms of earnings and employment (employment probability, unemployment probability, and hours worked per week). Using the 2006 Australian Census of Population and Housing the analyses are performed separately by gender, and separately by whether or not the origin is...

Chromatic assimilation is the shift in color appearance of a test field toward the appearance of nearby light. Possible explanations of chromatic assimilation include wavelength independent spread light, wavelength-dependent chromatic aberration and neural summation. This study evaluated these explanations by measuring chromatic assimilation from a concentric-ring pattern into an equal-energy-w...

The literature on ensemble-based data assimilation techniques has been growing rapidly in past decade. These techniques are being explored as possible alternatives to current operational analysis techniques. Ensemble-based assimilation techniques are typically comprised of an ensemble of parallel data assimilation and forecast cycles. The background-error covariances used in the data assimilati...

Ensemble-based data assimilation techniques are being explored as possible alternatives to current operational analysis techniques such as threeor four-dimensional variational assimilation. Ensemble-based assimilation techniques utilise an ensemble of parallel data assimilation and forecast cycles. The background-error covariances are estimated using the forecast ensemble and are used to produc...

Phonological rules introduce variation in word forms that listeners have to compensate for. We previously showed (Darcy 2002; Darcy et al., to appear) that compensation for phonological variation in perception is driven by languagespecific mechanisms. In particular, English speakers compensate more for place assimilation than for voicing assimilation, whereas the reverse holds for French speake...

Rates of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), formate, and acetate mineralization and/or assimilation were determined in 13 high-temperature (>73 °C) hot springs in Yellowstone National Park (YNP), Wyoming, in order to evaluate the relative importance of these substrates in supporting microbial metabolism. While 9 of the hot spring communities exhibited rates of DIC assimilation that were greater ...

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) affects how organizations deliver services to their customers. ICT is now used not only to improve back office routine activities but also to act as strategic partner for achieving organizational goals. Although ICT has many benefits for organizations, its assimilation is the most challenging process as there are high failure rates as reported by m...

The relationship between assimilation and the well-being of immigrant children has been the focus of debate in the recent sociological literature. Much of this work has questioned whether classical theories of immigrant adaptation, which assumed assimilation to be an integral part of the process of upward mobility for immigrants, are still applicable to today's immigrant children. This study re...