This paper examines the stylized facts, correlation and interaction between volatility and returns at the 5-minute frequency for gold, silver, platinum and palladium from May 2000 to April 2015. We study the full sample period, as well as three subsamples to determine how high-frequency data of precious metals have developed over time. We find that over the full sample, the number of trades has...

this paper studies the relationship between return and the bid-ask spread in tehran stock exchange. the research has been done according to amihud and mendelson’s model (1986). it should be mentioned that portfolio beta and size are added as explanatory variables into the model. the study period is from day 1382 to tir 1389. based on the pooling of cross section and time series data used to est...

An asymmetric information model of the bid-ask spread is developed for foreign exchange market subject to occasional government interventions. Traditional tests of the unbiasedness of the forward rate as a predictor of the future spot rate are shown to be inconsistent when the rates are measured as the average of their respective bid and ask quotes. Larger bid-ask spreads on Fridays are documen...

interaction between human and his environment is always in consideration from scientists and scholars across various scientific spheres. for decades there are not any doubts that enhancement of connection between human and nature in various forms is necessarily influenced by their attitudes, feelings and perspectives toward this environment. however, examining of environmental emotions separate...

In this paper, a new method for estimating the linear regression coefficients approximation is presented based on Z-numbers. In this model, observations are real numbers, regression coefficients and dependent variables (y) have values ​​for Z-numbers. To estimate the coefficients of this model, we first convert the linear regression model based on Z-numbers into two fuzzy linear regression mode...