A paradoxical two-tone pattern is explored, which is heard as ascending when played in one key but as descending when played in a different key. The pattern thus provides a striking counterexample to the principle of invariance under transposition. In addition, the pattern in any one key is heard as ascending by some listeners but as descending by others. This study examines the effects of spec...

This paper uses micro data from the German Socio-Economic Panel to document that the wage structure in West Germany was remarkably stable over the period 1984–97, with little variation over time in wage or earnings inequality among and within different skill groups. The paper investigates a number of possible explanations for the stability of the wage structure and concludes that it is attribut...

We divide the set of all diatonic scales into three classes P,G,R, the intersection of which contains the major diatonic scale. The class G contains Gypsy scales, the class P – Pythagorean heptatonic, and the class R – Redfield Scale. The paper could be of interest for the music theorists, mathematicians, as well as producers of modern key music instruments, interpreters, composers, and electro...

In this paper we present a group theoretic description of just intonation. All possible musical intervals belonging to 5-limit just intonation can be represented by the mathematical group {235|p,q,r ∈Z}. Considering only the intervals within one octave, an isomorphism with the 2-dimensional lattice Z can be made. Plotting the intervals on the lattice according to the isomorphism, we can identif...

In this study, I propose a theory of voice leading for use with the tonal space of the justintonation Tonnetz. The theory is based largely upon established theories of diatonic voice leading and chromatic harmony, and also draws upon the principles of just intonation within the tonal system. The unambiguous expression of intervals as untempered ratios is dependent upon an established seven-step...

Traditional music, especially Krumpyung Kulon Progo, presents a different performance in the multimedia era. These differences need to be studied form of art criticism so that work can seen objectively. The purpose this study is provide critical review results transformation Progo. method research uses qualitative with an in-depth analysis approach from Edward Felman's theory, namely based on d...

Activation of the pontine inhibitory area (PIA) including the middle portion of the pontine reticular nucleus, oral part (PnO), or the gigantocellular reticular nucleus (Gi) suppresses muscle tone in decerebrate animals. The locus coeruleus (LC) and midbrain locomotor region (MLR) have been implicated in the facilitation of muscle tone. In the current study we investigated whether PIA and Gi st...