Treated wastewater is increasingly being reused to achieve sustainable water management in arid regions. The objective of this study was to quantify the distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in recycled water, particularly after it has passed through the distribution system, and to consider point-of-use implications for soil irrigation. Three separate reclaimed wastewater distribut...

background: human exposure to antibiotic resistant bacteria (arb) is a public health concern which could occur in a number of ways. wastewaters seem to play an important role in the dissemination of bacteria and antibiotic resistant genes (args) in our environment. the aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of three groups of arb and their resistance genes in hospital and municipal wa...

This report contains the derivation details of the paper of the same name [7]. A. Additional Preliminaries This section contains proves and more on the derivation process. It is an extension of [6]. Without loss of generality we assume that all letand λ-bound variables x ∈ X are pair-wise different. Let X ⊆ X denote the set of variables that are λ-bound. Let x ≺X y iff x is in scope of y. We wr...

Abstract Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been diffusely detected in several kinds of organic solid waste, such as livestock manure, sludge, antibiotic fermentation residues, and food thus attracting great attention. Aerobic composting, which is an effective, harmless treatment method for waste to promote recycling, has identified also aid ARG reduction. However, the effect composting re...

introduction: wastewater treatment plants are important hotspots for the spread of  antibiotic resistance genes to the environment.  the aim of this study identification of relevant antibiotic resistance genes  in raw  and final effluent of municipal wastewater treatment and also determination of effects of different wastewater treatment process on removal/reduction of these pollutants. materia...

Rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance (AR) in developing countries is posing a greater health risk and increasing the global disease burden. Lack of access to safe drinking water, poor sanitation and inadequate sewage treatment facilities in these countries are fueling the problem associated with emergence of AR. Rapid proliferation of AR mediated by treated and untreated discharges from hos...

Data concerning the occurrence of emerging biological contaminants such as antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in aquatic environments in Sub-Saharan African countries is limited. On the other hand, antibiotic resistance remains a worldwide problem which may pose serious potential risks to human and animal health. Consequently, there is a growing number of repo...

Elevated levels of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in soil and water have been linked to livestock farms and in some cases feed antibiotics may select for antibiotic resistant gut microbiota. The purpose of this study was to examine the establishment of ARGs in the feces of calves receiving milk replacer containing no antibiotics versus subtherapeutic or therapeutic doses of tetracycline and...

We propose a novel approach to automating the synthesis of logic programs: Logic programs are synthesized as a by-product of the planning of a verification proof. The approach is a two-level one: At the object level, we prove program verification conjectures in a sorted, first-order theory. The conjectures are of the form ∀args . prog(args ) ↔ spec(args ). At the meta-level, we plan the object-...

class Term case class Var(name: String) extends Term case class CFG(kind: TKind.Value, name: String, args: List[Term]) extends Term { def replaceArgs(newArgs: List[Term]) = CFG(kind, name, newArgs) } case class Let(term: Term, bindings: List[(Var, Term)]) extends Term case class Pat(name: String, args: List[Var]) object TKind extends Enumeration {val Ctr, FCall, GCall = Value} class CFGObject(k...