The variation of life has predominantly been studied on land and in water, but this focus is changing. There is a resurging interest in the distribution of life in the atmosphere and the processes that underlie patterns in this distribution. Here, we review our current state of knowledge about the biodiversity and biogeography of the atmosphere, with an emphasis on micro-organisms, the numerica...

allergic rhinitis is a chronic respiratory disease. sympathetic hypofunction is identified in all of the allergic rhinitis patients. moreover, allergic rhinitis is associated with decreased peak nasal inspiratory flow (pnif) and impaired lung functions. the aim of this study was to investigate effects of six-week of aquatic exercise on the autonomic nervous system function, pnif and lung functi...

BACKGROUND Thermal limits may arise through a mismatch between oxygen supply and demand in a range of animal taxa. Whilst this oxygen limitation hypothesis is supported by data from a range of marine fish and invertebrates, its generality remains contentious. In particular, it is unclear whether oxygen limitation determines thermal extremes in tracheated arthropods, where oxygen limitation may ...

We evaluate the arguments and evidence for a terrestrial vs an aquatic origin for the Insecta. The evidence falls into three categories: ( I ) evidence that does not support one view more than the other; (2) speculative evidence, which should carry little weight; and (3) evidence that does support one view more than the other. Category I includes evidence from locomotory and osmoregulatory syst...

1. Ecosystems may affect each other through trophic interactions that cross ecosystem boundaries as well as via the transfer of subsidies, but these effects can vary depending on the identity of species involved in the interaction. 2. In this study, we manipulated two terrestrial bromeliad-living spider species (Aglaoctenus castaneus, Corinna gr. rubripes) that have variable hunting modes, to t...