Edited and reviewed by: Samuel A. Cushman, United States Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, USA †Present address: Frédéric J. J. Chain, Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Philine G. D. Feulner, Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastan...

a Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A. b Aquatic Behavioural Ecology Lab, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada c Department of Environmental Science & Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, U.S.A. d Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A.

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Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA [email protected] Respiratory Diseases Department, Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK. [email protected] Aquatic Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing ...

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1 Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA 2 Aquatic Behavioural Ecology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada 3 Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA 4 Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

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To what extent top predators - carnivores at the top of food chains - drive or just respond to ecosystem dynamics is a central, but partially unresolved, question in ecology. In this report, we highlight how different research approaches employed in aquatic and terrestrial ecology may have a bearing on how the role of top predators in ecosystems is perceived.