Shigella flexneri is the major cause of shigellosis in developing countries. All serotypes except for serotype 6 share an O-antigen backbone composed of a → 2)-α-L-Rhap(III)-(1 → 2)-α-l-Rhap(II)-(1 → 3)-α-l-Rhap(I)-(1 → 3)-β-D-GlcpNAc-(1 → tetrasaccharide repeat. It can be modified by the addition of a glucosyl group to one or more sugar residues and/or an O-acetyl group to Rha(I) and/or a phos...

Effective vaccination against influenza virus infection is a serious problem mainly due to antigenic variability of the virus. Among many of investigated antigens, the extracellular domain of the M2 protein (M2e) features high homology in all strains of influenza A viruses and antibodies against M2e and is protective in animal models; this makes it a potential candidate for generation of a univ...

sulfur mustard (sm, bis- (2-chloroethyl) sulphide) is a chemical warfare agent that causes dna alkylation, protein modification and membrane damage. sm can trigger several molecular pathways involved in inflammation and oxidative stress, which cause cell necrosis and apoptosis, and loss of cells integrity and function. epigenetic regulation of gene expression is a growing research topic and is ...

Autophagy is modulated by multiple factors including CD147, but little is know about the effects and mechanism by which the modification of CD147 by Lewis y antigen regulates autophagy of ovarian cancer cell. Here, we reported that Lewis y antigen can promote basic autophagy activity and restrain autophagic cell death in ovarian cancer cells. Furthermore, human whole genome expression profile m...

The relationship between the expression of surface antigenicity of inactivated Brucella and the immunostimulant properties on the sheep erythrocyte response was studied in mice. The agglutinogenic Brucella abortus B19S preparation was compared to two non-agglutinogenic preparations (B19R and PB), using the plaque-forming and rosette-forming cell tests. When Brucella and antigen were injected to...

The XT-1 antigen, bound by monoclonal antibody XT-I, is a differentiation antigen of germ cells in the mouse testis. As seen in immunoperoxidase-stained tissue sections from several juvenile ages and adult, the antigen becomes detectable on early (leptotene/zygotene) spermatocytes and increases in staining during spermatocyte development. During spermatid development the distribution of the det...

The breakdown and release of hyaluronan (HA) from the extracellular matrix has been hypothesized to act as an endogenous signal of injury. To test this hypothesis, we generated mice that conditionally overexpressed human hyaluronidase 1 (HYAL1). Mice expressing HYAL1 in skin either during early development or by inducible transient expression exhibited extensive HA degradation, yet displayed no...