background: the science of identification and employment of medicinal plants dates ‎back to the early days of man on earth. cannabis (hashish) is the most common illegal ‎substance used in the united states and was subjected to extensive research as a ‎powerful local disinfecting agent for mouth cavity and skin and an anti-tubercular agent ‎in 1950.‎ methods: clinical strains were isolated from...

background : the use of antibiotic prior to surgery is widely accepted. the who has recommended the use of atc/ddd (anatomical therapeutic chemical / defined daily dose) for the analysis of drug utilization.the aims of the present study are 1) to analyze the assessment of prophylactic antibiotic usage prior to surgery, 2) to assess the drug administration based on antibiograms and 3) to compare...

gut microbiota is formed by ten of trillions of microorganisms with at least 1000 different species of known bacteria. one - third of an individual gut microbiota is common to most people, while two - thirds are specific to him. growing amount of evidence indicates that gut microbiota characteristics may play an important role in mental dysfunctions. molecular mimicry between several key neurop...

background mercury is one of the most toxic heavy metals. even a small amount of it is toxic for all living organisms. some of bacteria have developed special resistance mechanisms against mercury, in addition to resistant to different antibiotics. these bacteria usually acquire hg and antibiotic resistance genes via horizontal gene transfer in their habitat. objectives the aim of this study wa...

background urinary tract infection (uti) is one of the most common bacterial diseasesworldwidethat can be presented asymptomatic or symptomatic, characterized by a wide range of symptoms from mild irritative voiding to bacteremia, sepsis, or even death. in latter decades, widespread utilization of antibiotics has resulted in increased incidence of antibiotic resistance among urinary tract patho...

introduction: nosocomial infections (ni) are a frequent and relevant problem, in other hands; those are responsible of mortality especially in pediatric icu( intensive care unit) and nicus (neonatal intensive care unit). healthcare-associated infections are important in wide-ranging concern in the medical field. the most cause of nosocomial infection include: bloodstream infection, urinary trac...

conclusions metronidazole and vancomycin still seem to be most effective drugs for treatment cdi. objectives the aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of c. difficile clinical isolates against antibiotics commonly used for treatment cdi in hospitalized patients. material and methods during a 12 month study, 75 c. difficile isolates were collected from 39...

an experiment was conducted on 400 broilers to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation ofantibiotic and probiotic on performance of birds under heat stress condition. the first group of chickens, thecontrol group, received a diet without any antibiotic and probiotic. the second group received diet with0.02% virginiamycin antibiotic; the two other groups were fed diets with 0.05% and 0.1...

introduction: antibiotics as a  type of pharmaceutical compounds are widely used in modern medicine and veterinary industries. they enter the environment in different ways, including agricultural runoff, direct discharge of urban wastewater treatment or human waste, direct disposal of medical, veterinary industrial waste and etc. antibiotics have been able to influence the microbial population....