introduction: nosocomial infections (ni) are a frequent and relevant problem, in other hands; those are responsible of mortality especially in pediatric icu( intensive care unit) and nicus (neonatal intensive care unit). healthcare-associated infections are important in wide-ranging concern in the medical field. the most cause of nosocomial infection include: bloodstream infection, urinary trac...

conclusions metronidazole and vancomycin still seem to be most effective drugs for treatment cdi. objectives the aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of c. difficile clinical isolates against antibiotics commonly used for treatment cdi in hospitalized patients. material and methods during a 12 month study, 75 c. difficile isolates were collected from 39...

an experiment was conducted on 400 broilers to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation ofantibiotic and probiotic on performance of birds under heat stress condition. the first group of chickens, thecontrol group, received a diet without any antibiotic and probiotic. the second group received diet with0.02% virginiamycin antibiotic; the two other groups were fed diets with 0.05% and 0.1...

introduction: antibiotics as a  type of pharmaceutical compounds are widely used in modern medicine and veterinary industries. they enter the environment in different ways, including agricultural runoff, direct discharge of urban wastewater treatment or human waste, direct disposal of medical, veterinary industrial waste and etc. antibiotics have been able to influence the microbial population....

Aim: The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a major health-care problem worldwide. WHO recommends DID (daily defined dose/ 100 Inhabitant /day) as a standard tool for measurement of antibiotic consumption. Since there was not any information regarding the antibiotics usage pattern in the north of Iran, the aim of this study was determine this in our centre.Method: This cr...

Aim: The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a major health-care problem worldwide. WHO recommends DID (daily defined dose/ 100 Inhabitant /day) as a standard tool for measurement of antibiotic consumption. Since there was not any information regarding the antibiotics usage pattern in the north of Iran, the aim of this study was determine this in our centre.Method: This cr...

BACKGROUND Ambulatory antibiotic prescribing contributes to the development of antibiotic resistance and increases societal costs. Here, we estimate the hidden societal cost of antibiotic resistance per antibiotic prescribed in the United States. METHODS In an exploratory analysis, we used published data to develop point and range estimates for the hidden societal cost of antibiotic resistanc...