In most states, trial judges’ sentencing is constrained by both ex ante constraints, in the form of mandatory and guideline sentences, and ex post review, often by the electorate. Might voters alter their evaluation of judges given the existence of boundaries on judicial discretion? Further, can legislators exploit this response? We present a model of ex ante and ex post control of judges given...

Palm oil production creates negative externalities, e.g., through intensive fertiliser application. Policies to limit externalities need an effective, sustainable and efficient measure We use a business simulation game in a framed field experiment in Indonesia to test ex ante different incentives for reducing such negative externalities. This setting allows inclusion of adequate contextual feat...

The tools for policy evaluation and analysis reviewed in the preceding chapters are all ex-post, as they essentially compare the distribution of welfare over a population before and after a given policy or a given local program is implemented. While ex-post evaluation is essential for assessing the true impacts of existing policies and programs, there are many instances in which policymakers wo...

We present a generalization of the standard random-search model of unemployment in which firms hire multiple workers and in which the hiring process is timeconsuming as well as costly. We follow Stole and Zwiebel (1996a, 1996b) and assume that wages are determined by continuous bargaining between the firm and its employees. The model generates a nontrivial dispersion of firm sizes; when firms’ ...

The ex ante real rate of interest is one of the most important concepts in economics and finance. Because the universally-used Fisher theory of interest requires positive ex ante real interest rates, empirical estimates of the ex ante real interest rate derived from the Fisher theory of interest should also be positive. Unfortunately, virtually all estimates of the ex ante real interest rate pu...

− Noise in deep submicron technology combined with the move towards dynamic circuit techniques for higher performance have raised concerns about reliability and energyefficiency of VLSI systems in the deep submicron era. To address this problem, a new noise-tolerant dynamic circuit technique is presented. In addition, the average noise threshold energy (ANTE) and the energy normalized ANTE metr...

Prioritizing public investments requires information on relative returns that are difficult to derive from disparate evaluation studies. This paper presents a ‘hybrid’ approach that combines ex post evaluation data with an economy-wide model for experimenting ex ante with alternative investment portfolios within a consistent, structural framework. The approach is used to evaluate rural investme...

Recently, the Runge-Kutta methods, obtained via Taylor’s expansion is exist in the literature. In this study, we have derived explicit methods for problems of the form y′ = f(y) including second and third derivatives , by considering available Two-Derivative Runge-Kutta methods (TDRK). The methods use one evaluation of first derivative, one evaluation of second derivative and many evaluations o...

• Instructions to approach or avoid fictitious social groups cause changes in implicit evaluations. • These changes are not fully mediated by changes in explicit evaluations. • These changes occur even in the absence of changes in explicit evaluations. • These changes occur even if highly diagnostic incompatible valence information is provided. • These findings constrain current and future mode...