Our understanding of the ionic basis of axonal conduction has been largely derived from studies carried out on vertebrate and invertebrate animals which possess conventional body fluids containing relatively high concentrations of sodium and other inorganic ions. Apart from some recent studies on a phytophagous insect (Treherne, 1965 a, b; Treherne & Maddrell, 1967 a, b) we have very little kno...

Parasites take their resources from hosts and thus directly reduce available resources for hosts' own body functions, such as growth and reproduction. Furthermore, parasite infections cause significant indirect costs to their hosts in terms of increased investments on immune defense. In this study, we investigated the impact of parasite infection on the sperm quality and expression of secondary...

The duck mussel Anodonta anatina is widely distributed throughout the freshwater basins of Northern, Central, and Western Eurasia, it has a comprehensive genetic structure. This study was devoted to analysis lineages, which are defined based on COI gene sequences. Our new dataset expanded by samples from Northern Central Eurasia. It allowed us reveal high level diversity for trans-Eurasian line...