The long-standing controversy about the origin of magnetite-(apatite) mineral deposits pertains to how they form. Pleistocene El Laco deposit in northern Chile is a critical location because host andesite contains immiscible melt inclusions trapped plagioclase and clinopyroxene phenocrysts that reveal involvement melts evolution Volcanic System hosting mineralization. We present results from fi...

The failure mode of lava-dilatant or compactant-depends on the physical attributes of the lava, primarily the porosity and pore size, and the conditions under which it deforms. The failure mode for edifice host rock has attendant implications for the structural stability of the edifice and the efficiency of the sidewall outgassing of the volcanic conduit. In this contribution, we present a syst...

Introduction: Data from the MGS Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) has shown that surface type 1 (ST1) materials, interpreted as basalt, dominate the ancient crust in the southern highlands of Mars [1]. Large expanses of surface type 2 (ST2) materials in the northern lowlands have been variously interpreted as andesite [1, 2], oxidized crystalline basalt [3], or partly weathered basalt [4]. Th...