Competition among stock exchanges has increased dramatically over the last decade. To attract trading volume, most exchanges introduced makertaker fees, an incentive scheme that rewards liquidity suppliers and charges liquidity demanders. Using a change in fees on the Toronto Stock Exchange, we analyze how the breakdown of trading fees between liquidity demanders and suppliers affects market ou...

We analyze the pricing of a productive asset in a class of dynamic exchange economies with heterogeneous, infinitely–lived agents, and self–enforcing intertemporal trades. Individual incomes fluctuate and are correlated; preferences, dividends and aggregate income are fixed. Almost all economies in this class have a unique stationary Markovian equilibrium with fluctuations in asset prices. As t...

We use the database leak of Mt. Gox exchange to analyze the dynamics of the price of bitcoin from June 2011 to November 2013. This gives us a rare opportunity to study an emerging retail-focused, highly speculative and unregulated market with trader identifiers at a tick transaction level. Jumps are frequent events and they cluster in time. The order flow imbalance and the preponderance of aggr...

We examine the impact of risk-based portfolio constraints on asset prices in an exchange economy. We show that constrained agents scale down their portfolio and behave locally like power utility investors with risk aversion that depends on current market conditions. In contrast to previous results in the literature, we show that the imposition of constraints dampens fundamental shocks, challeng...

This paper derives semi-analytical pricing formulae for geometric average options (GAO) within a stochastic volatility framework. Assuming a general mean reverting process for the underlying asset and a square-root process for the volatility, the cross-moment generating function is derived and the cumulative probabilities are recovered using the Gauss-Laguerre quadrature rule. Fixed and floatin...

In a two-period pure exchange economy with financial assets, a temporary financial equilibrium is an equilibrium of the current spot and security markets given forecasts of future prices and returns. The temporary equilibrium model can then be interpreted as a Walrasian model where preferences depend on prices. This idenfication implies, among other consequences, the generic determinateness of ...

——————————————————————————————————— We develop a model where agents can allocate their wealth between a liquid asset, which can be used to purchase consumption goods, and an illiquid asset, which represents a better store of value. Should a consumption opportunity arise, agents may visit a frictional “over-the-counter” secondary asset market where they can exchange illiquid for liquid assets. W...

In an exchange economy under uncertainty populated by multiple consumers, we how the heterogeneity in the individual consumers’ subjective beliefs affect the representative consumer’s utility function. We derive a formula that indicates that the more heterogeneous the individual consumers’ beliefs are, the higher probabilities the representative consumer’s belief attaches to extreme events that...

we have studied the relation between bank deposit rates and house prices in iran. for that, we have run some var models, using the following variables: real deposit rates (including 1 and 5 years deposit rates), money supply (including the high powered money and the liquidity), gdp, housing services index, and number of licenses for new houses. our results show that a reduction in the deposit r...

This article empirically examines the relationship between order sizes and spreads in the foreign exchange market based on a FX dealer’s quotes. It is found that spreads are independent of order sizes in the inter-dealer market, but they are negatively correlated in the customer market. JEL classification: F31; G14