Although screening policies for older drivers based on chronological age are widely used in many countries, previous research has shown that increasing age does not cause higher crash rates and that consequently, chronological age per se is at best only a weak predictor of safe driving performance. Previous research on age-based mandatory screening of older drivers has not been able to demonstr...

The societal costs of tobacco use go beyond direct medical expenditures, which total more than $75 billion per year. Another $80 billion per year accounts for indirect costs, including lost productivity. As states struggle to curb Medicaid costs, it is important to note that about 14 percent of all Medicaid expenditures are related to smoking. The public health community is asking states to con...

SETTING The National Tuberculosis Programs of Ghana, Viet Nam and the Dominican Republic. OBJECTIVE To assess the direct and indirect costs of tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis and treatment for patients and households. DESIGN Each country translated and adapted a structured questionnaire, the Tool to Estimate Patients' Costs. A random sample of new adult patients treated for at least 1 month was...

Excerpt] The decision for a company to issue shares publicly for the first time is not to be taken lightly. The manager-owner of a private firm must carefully weigh the benefits of an initial public offering (IPO) against the costs. Potential benefits include the ability to raise capital in the public markets on more attractive terms than in private circles; increased liquidity for managers and...

In the present scenario, the work environment is undergoing a major shift factors such as globalisation, growing economies and improved technology are constantly presenting new challenges for business. Human Resource is the most important asset for any organization and is the source of achieving competitive advantage. For the accomplishment of organization objective, Human resource has become t...

The national cost of suicides and suicide attempts in the United States in 2013 was $58.4 billion based on reported numbers alone. Lost productivity (termed indirect costs) represents most (97.1%) of this cost. Adjustment for under-reporting increased the total cost to $93.5 billion or $298 per capita, 2.1-2.8 times that of previous studies. Previous research suggests that improved continuity o...

In this paper, we investigate the costs borne by both male and female carers in terms of their forgone formal employment opportunities. Traditionally, informal care was supplied by women but nowadays women are not only more likely to work, but also likely to be significant contributors to family finances. For women, this implies that the size of any forgone earnings cost of informal care is inc...

BACKGROUND To examine the impact of introducing an electronic prescription system with no copayments on the number of prescriptions, the size of prescriptions, and the number of visits and phone calls to primary physicians. METHODS Fixed regression models using monthly data on per capita prescriptions claims and consultations between 2009 and 2013 at the municipality level, before and after t...

BACKGROUND To date, research has neglected the patient's psychosocial and cognitive conditions as contributing factors to dialysis modality decision-making. Hence, the Choice of Renal Replacement Therapy (CORETH) study aims to examine these conditions with regard to their impact on the choice. Here we describe the design of the multicentre study, which is supported by a grant from the German Mi...

BACKGROUND Home management of malaria (HMM) has been shown to be an effective strategy for reducing childhood mortality from malaria. The direct and especially indirect costs of seeking health care from formal facilities may be substantial, providing a major barrier for many households. Further evaluations of HMM and community-based utilization of available options will help to optimize treatme...