The purpose of this study was to quantify the consistency and precision of locating three-dimensional (3D) anatomic landmarks. The hypotheses tested are that these landmarks have characteristic and variable error patterns associated with their type and location. The consistency and precision of nine orthodontists identifying 32 landmarks of 19 patients were quantified. The cone beam computed to...

BACKGROUND The sphenopalatine foramen is located on the lateral nasal wall and has multiple variants and anatomic landmarks that are important to know to optimize RESULTS in the surgical management of posterior epistaxis. OBJECTIVE This study describes the endoscopic anatomy of the sphenopalatine foramen, related structures and anatomic variations in a Mexican population. METHODS We perform...

Three-dimensional symmetry and coordination are important factors in facial aesthetics, analysis of asymmetry is the basis for clinical diagnosis, treatment, doctor–patient communication. With development three-dimensional measurement data technology, methods mainly based on anatomic landmarks, original-mirror alignment algorithm, anthropometric mask, artificial intelligence. This review summar...

Innovations in laser technology have led to the development of three-dimensional surface laser digitisation techniques capable of registering surface topology accurately. The clinical application of this technology in cleft palate documentation requires validation of the technique. This study determined the reliability of the surface laser scanning technique and assessed the reliability of inte...