1. Logical language 1.1. Proposition, sentence and inscription Quine has argued in favor of the rejection of propositions. His argument can be summarized by the following syllogism: No entity without identity There is no criterion of identity for propositions No propositions Quine has been quite influential in the replacement of the expression propositional logic by the expression sentential lo...

according to the rules of quadruplet relations between concepts, muslim logicians have proved that relation between the negations of two concepts which are equal (musawi) or absolute-general-and-specific (‘amm wa khas-e mutlaq) are, respectively, equal and absolute-specific-and-general; but these rules come across some problems when the most inclusive concepts are involved, since the negation o...

our main aim in this article is to analyze the two concepts “proposition” and “state of affairs”. first we present the minimal expectations of a theory of “proposition” and a theory of “state of affairs”, and then we turn to the views of the contemporary theorist john pollock regarding these two topics and present the most important of his views on the subject. subsequently, we reconstruct a th...

An arithmetic function is a function f : N → C; there are many interesting and natural examples in analytic number theory. To begin with we consider what is perhaps the best known π(n) := xn: 1 P (x), the usual counting function of the primes. Various heuristic arguments suggest that one should expect x to be prime with probability 1/ log x, and coupled with a body of numerical evidence this pr...

Let h be a smooth function on the ball in C2 whose gradient has length less than or equal to 1. We show that if h is uniformly near an analytic function on every complex affine one-dimensional slice then it must be near some function analytic on the whole ball. We use this to show the following: a singularity set over the ball which is near the graph of a function h with |∇h| ≤ 1 must be near t...