Ammonium (NH4(+)) migration across a cation exchange membrane is commonly observed during the operation of bioelectrochemical systems (BES). This often leads to anolyte acidification (pH <5.5) and complete inactivation of biofilm electroactivity. Without using conventional pH controls (dosage of alkali or pH buffers), the present study revealed that anodic biofilm activity (current) could be su...

Faecal sludge contains valuable plant nutrients and can be used as a fertiliser in agriculture, instead of being emitted as a pollutant. As this involves a risk of pathogen transmission, it is crucial to inactivate the pathogens in faecal sludge. One treatment alternative is ammonia sanitisation, as uncharged ammonia (NH3) inactivates pathogens. The aim of this thesis was to study how the patho...

Mixed ammonia-hydrogen molecule clusters [H2-(NH3)n] have been studied with the aim of exploring the quantitative importance of the H2 quantum motion in defining their structure and energetics. Minimum energy structures have been obtained employing genetic algorithm-based optimization methods in conjunction with accurate pair potentials for NH3-NH3 and H2-NH3. These include both a full 5D poten...

Poultry producers in the United States have attempted to maintain barn aerial ammonia (NH3) levels below 25 ppm to improve air quality, and more recently to decrease aerial emissions to the atmosphere. Our objective was to investigate the influence of litter management strategies on NH3 emissions from commercial broiler barns employing new bedding, acid-treated built-up litter (sodium bisulphat...

Fluxes of atmospheric ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N, where NH3-N 5 (14/17)NH3) from an anaerobic ;2.5 ha (1 ha 5 10,000 m ) commercial hog waste storage lagoon were measured during the summer of 1997 through the spring of 1998 in order to study the seasonal variability in emissions of NH3-N and its relationship to lagoon physicochemical properties. Ammonia-nitrogen fluxes were measured during each se...

We present high resolution measurements of ammonia (NH3) and particle-ammonium (NH4 ) collected during the Pacific 2001 experiment at an urban, sub-urban and high elevation site. These data are used to conduct a detailed instrument inter-comparison and to characterize the sites. The data are interpreted with respect to; the degree to which the sites are representative, the degree of sensitivity...

The adsorption of ammonia on a monolayer of Pd on Mo(110), Pd1ML/Mo(110), and multilayer Pd(111)/Mo(110) surfaces has been studied using low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). A diffuse (2 × 2) LEED pattern has been observed for ammonia on the Pd1ML/Mo(110) surface. TPD measurements indicat...

Ammonia (NH3) emissions from fertilized soils are a costly problem that is undermining agricultural and ecological sustainability worldwide. Ammonia emissions from crop production have been reliably documented in recent years. However, insufficient efforts have been made to determine the factors most influential in facilitating NH3 emissions. The goal of this study was to identify the principal...

Natural cases of dealloying or stress-corrosion cracking in copper alloys normally occur in oxygenated solutions, where the cathodic reactant is O2 or Cu2+. Within cavities or under deposits, the local environment is enriched in cuprous ions (e.g. CuCl2-, Cu (NH3)2+) and the potential is close to the Cu/Cu+ equilibrium. Such conditions can be simulated macroscopically by stirring powdered Cu2O ...

Laboratory measurements of the photoabsorption cross section of NH3 at wavelengths between 140 and 220 nm 15 are presented for the first time. Incorporating the measured photoabsorption cross sections of NH3 and NH3 into a 15 14 one-dimensional photochemical diffusive model, we find that at 400 mbar, the photolytic efficiency of NH3 is about 15 38% greater than that of NH3. In addition, it is k...