The ability to evaluate the cosmic ray environment at Mars is of interest for future manned exploration. To support exploration, tools must be developed to accurately access the radiation environment in both free space and on planetary surfaces. The primary tool NASA uses to quantify radiation exposure behind shielding materials is the space radiation transport code, HZETRN. In order to build c...

An attempt to detect the positronium Lyman alpha-radiation at 2430 A is reported. Positrons from an intense (64)Cu source (20 Ci) were stopped in high purity A, Ne, and He at pressures ranging from 0.01 to 3.0 atm. Light from the stopping region was collected by a large solid-angle light pipe and directed to a photomultiplier. Spectra were obtained by inserting a series of optical interference ...

The stellar initial mass function (IMF) is expressed by $\phi(m) \propto m^{-\alpha}$ with the slope $\alpha$, and known as poorly-constrained but very important in studies of star galaxy formation. There are no sensible observational constraints on IMF slopes beyond Milky Way nearby galaxies. Here we combine two sets results, 1) cosmic densities core-collapse supernova explosion (CCSNe) rates ...

We previously showed that the expression of troponin T1 (Tnnt 1) was induced in the central nervous system (CNS) of adult mice 30min after treatment with ketamine, a glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist. We hypothesized that Tnnt 1 expression may be an early molecular biomarker of stress response in the CNS of mice. To further evaluate this hypothesis, we investigated t...

Antibodies directed against tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha are clinically used for Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. TNF-alpha is also an important cytokine in radiotherapy because it mediates inflammatory responses in normal tissues. To study the influence of TNF-alpha inhibition on radiation toxicity, we used a well-established mouse model of kidney irradiation, where th...

Late effects after radiotherapy for brain tumors can be severe and tend to limit the efficacy of this treatment modality. The mechanisms governing the development of late radiation-induced lesions in the brain are not clear, but they are preceded by cycles of molecular and cellular events including production of cytokines, one of which is tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. There is literature t...

We propose a new approach to obtain the momentum expectation value of an electron in high-intensity laser, including multiple photon emissions and loops. find recursive formula that allows us $\mathcal{O}(\alpha^n)$ term from $\mathcal{O}(\alpha^{n-1})$, which can also be expressed as integro-differential equation. In classical limit we solution Landau-Lifshitz equation all orders. show how spi...