Accurate frost depth prediction is an important aspect in different engineering designs such as for pavements, buildings, bridge foundations, and utility lines. This paper presents a probabilistic method of assessment the soil freezing. Annual (winter) maxima position zero centigrade temperature measured were approximated by Gumbel probability distribution. Its parameters estimated using maximu...

Falling back past few years rapid progress in Air pollution has become a life-threatening concern many nations throughout the world due to human activity, industrialisation, and urbanisation.. As result of these activities, sulphur oxides, carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen monoxide (CO), chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), lead, mercury, other pollutants be emitted into atmosphere. Simultaneously, estimati...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Woody plants can suffer from winter embolism as gas bubbles are formed in the water-conducting conduits when freezing occurs: gases are not soluble in ice, and the bubbles may expand and fill the conduits with air during thawing. A major assumption usually made in studies of winter embolism formation is that all of the gas dissolved in the xylem sap is trapped within the con...

The product to be handled in a refrigerated facility defines the building's function. Will the incoming product be fresh or frozen? If the product is fresh, how much and what kind of further processing will there be done in the facility? This consideration will define the need for ice production and handling, special cutting, portioning, or other processing and/or cooking machinery. Will the fu...

The freezing of freely suspended supercooled water droplets with a diameter of bigger than a few micrometers splits into two rather different freezing stages. Within the first very fast dendritic freezing stage a spongy network ice with an ice portion of less than one-third forms and more than two-thirds of liquid water remain. In the present work the distribution of the ice portion in the drop...

Recent in situ measurements at tropical tropopause temperatures as low as 187 K indicate supersaturations with respect to ice exceeding 100% with little or no ice present. In contrast, models used to simulate cloud formation near the tropopause assume a supersaturation threshold for ice nucleation of about 65% based on laboratory measurements of aqueous aerosol freezing. The high supersaturatio...

abstract background: fresh bread has a short shelf life and by considering this matter, its acceptability by consumer dramatically would reduce by increasing the time between baking and consumption. use of frozen dough technology is one of solution for this problem. therefore in this current study the impact of freezing storage and pre-fermentation in sangak frozen dough and its bread was consi...

Background: The slow-freezing method is one of the most popular techniques to freeze human oocytes and it is also used in routine in vitro-fertilization (IVF) programs, particularly in those countries where embryo freezing is not allowed. Slow-freezing damages some of the structures of the egg, among which the meiotic spindle (MS) and the zona pellucida (ZP). Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM) pe...

The aim of this work is to design an alarm system that allows protecting and preventing crop-freezing damages taking decisions with enough time to react. A first step was to obtain a temperature forecast mode. In this line an hourly temperature series was analyzed with Box-Jenkins methodology ( ARIMA models). An alarm system is designed based on these forecast, at each 12 hours, in the air temp...