We estimate the relationship between productivity and trade for a panel of countries over the period 1980 to 2000 using instrumental-variables estimation of a productivity equation. We note that some estimates of productivity gains attributed to trade capture instead the roles of institutions and geography. The endogeneity of trade and institutional quality is accounted for by using instruments...

Boschen and Weise (Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 2003) model the probability of a large upturn in in‡ation. We extend their work to show that openness to trade exerts a negative e¤ect on the probability of such an event. Keywords: In‡ation starts, trade openness. JEL classi…cation: E31, F41.

Agriculture continues to make significant contributions developing countries in the presence of globalisation. Thus, international trade and foreign capital flows are important countries. The authors used data on 115 from 1995 2020 investigate effect inward outward direct investment (FDI) agricultural sector Inward FDI enhanced exports, imports, openness. However, did not affect To escalate pro...

One of the most remarkable features of globalization is the fact that advances in technology have contributed to reducing the cost of trade (e.g., transportation and communication costs), and thus boosted international trade. Under these circumstances, the importance of distance should have diminished over time, which would constitute a boon for countries located far from the main centers of ec...

the increase of greenhouse gases (ghg) in which co2 emissions constitute the principal component, is of major environmental problems of all societies. economic growth impels intensive use of resources and as a result, more residues and wastes thrown in the nature that could lead to environmental degradation. this article tries to trace the eventual relationship between trade openness and enviro...

The emergy evaluation of the Ladakh socio-economic system and traditional agriculture is presented. Ladakh is a region of West Himalaya (State of Jammu and Kashmir, northern India), geographically classified as “high cold desert” (altitude ranging from 2300 m to 7672 m a.s.l.), located among the Karakoram Range, the Himalayan Range and the Tibetan Plateau. The region is poor in natural resource...