Believing mutually is an important premise to ensure that cooperation among multiple agents goes smoothly. However, mutual belief among agents is always considered for granted. In this paper, we adapt a method based on the position-exchange principle to reason about mutual belief among agents. To reason about mutual belief formally, we first use a process algebra approach, the pi-calculus, to f...

Checkland’s Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) can be used to support strategic planning for business improvement. This involves the development of system models to identify the activities that an organisation must perform to meet its goals. Jacobson’s Use-case modelling in the Unified Modelling Language (UML) is a requirements engineering technique that similarly leads to the identification of sys...

Dialog man tigement addresses two specific problems: (1) providing a coherent overall structure to interaction that extends beyond the single turn, (2) correctly managing mixedinitiative interaction. We propose a dialog management architecture based on the following elements: handlers that manage interaction focussed on tightly coupled sets of information, a product that reflects mutually agree...

Islamic Sharia is based on sources, and studying these sources eliciting legal rulings from them attributing each ruling to its source that supports it an obligatory matter. The legislative which four are derived in the following order: Noble Qur’an, Prophet’s Sunnah, peace be upon him, consensus of nation, analogy, as agreed by majority Muslim imams. evidence for authenticity sources: origin f...

OBJECTIVES Patients and policy makers advocate that drug treatments should be individualised. However, the term is used in a variety of ways. We set out to identify the range of related terminology and concepts in the general field of individualisation, map out the relationships between these concepts and explore how patients' perspectives are considered. DESIGN We consulted members of an est...

Statistical Methods for Assessing Agreement between Two Methods of Clinical Measurement. By J. Martin Bland, Douglas G. Altman. Lancet 1986; 1(8476):307-10. Abstract reprinted with permission of Elsevier, copyright 1986. In clinical measurement comparison of a new measurement technique with an established one is often needed to see whether they agree sufficiently for the new to replace the old....

When knowledge is obtained from a database, it is only possible to deduce confidence intervals for probability values. With confidence intervals replacing point values, the results in the set covering model include interval constraints for the probabilities of mutually exclusive and exhaustive explanations. The Principle of Interval Constraints ranks these explanations by determining the expect...