OBJECTIVES To calculate cigarette affordability for a number of countries using different techniques and data, to investigate trends since 1990 and to assess the appropriateness of different measures of affordability. DESIGN Two existing measures were specified. Relative income price (RIP) uses per capita gross domestic product (GDP) as the measure of income, while "minutes of labour" is base...

While basic access to clean water is critical, another important issue is the affordability of water access for people around the globe. Prior international work has highlighted that a large proportion of consumers could not afford water if priced at full cost recovery levels. Given growing concern about affordability issues due to rising water rates, and a comparative lack of work on affordabi...

The article is dedicated to the analysis of population’s housing provision in Ukraine and its certain regions considering methodological features assessing affordability indicators, as well losses stock a result military invasion. purpose paper determination indicator, assessment pre-war trend Ukraine; an acceptable for modern conditions institutional mechanism improving based on principle rent...

The affordability of water service is a large and growing challenge for the sector. Utilities are facing substantial costs to upgrade infrastructure treat emerging contaminants concern, but also grappling with how fund these efforts without disproportionately impacting customers. So discussions around at household level important not only in strategic planning day-to-day operation systems, stat...

BACKGROUND Inadequate access to affordable essential medicines poses a challenge to achieving Universal Health Coverage. Access to essential medicines for children has been in the spotlight in recent research. However, information from the end users of medicines, i.e. patients is scarce. Obtaining information at a household level is integral to understanding how people access, obtain and use me...

BACKGROUND Most people with febrile illness are treated in the private drug retail sector. Ghana was among nine countries piloting the Global Fund Affordable Medicines Facility - malaria (AMFm). AMFm aimed to: increase artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) affordability; increase ACT availability; increase ACT use; and 'crowd out' artemisinin monotherapies. METHODS Three censuses were carried...

BACKGROUND Access to dental services not only refers to utilization but also to the extent by which the utilization is judged according to professional norms. This study aimed to study the access to dental services using the Five As model. METHODS This cross sectional study was conducted in southeast of Iran. A sample of 400 subjects participated in the study according to a multistage samplin...