Nebulizers convert solutions or suspensions into aerosols with a particle size that can be inhaled into the lower respiratory tract. There are pneumatic jet nebulizers, ultrasonic nebulizers, and mesh nebulizers. Newer nebulizer designs are breath-enhanced, breath-actuated, or have aerosol-storage bags to minimize aerosol loss during exhalation. Nebulizers can be used with helium-oxygen mixture...

Nanomedicine is making groundbreaking achievements in drug delivery. The versatility of nanoparticles has given rise to its use in respiratory delivery that includes inhalation aerosol delivery by the nasal route and the pulmonary route. Due to the unique features of the respiratory route, research in exploring the respiratory route for delivery of poorly absorbed and systemically unstable drug...

Little is known about delivery of aerosolised steroids to neonatal patients undergoing assisted positive pressure ventilation and after extubation. A rabbit model has been established to investigate factors influencing drug delivery. Beclomethasone dipropionate, in a metered dose inhaler, was radiolabelied with technetium 99m. The mass median aerodynamic diameter of the aerosol was 3-3 (2.0) pm...

Several factors interact in influencing aerosol deposition during mechanical ventilation. Among these factors, the artificial airway is a significant barrier for aerosol deposition. Earlier studies overemphasized the impediments created by the artificial airway to aerosol delivery, because the aerosol generator was placed adjacent to the endotracheal tube or was connected to it. When the aeroso...

As our understanding of aerosol therapy matures, advances in technology afford the potential for solving the major problems in clinical aerosol delivery: control of variability in dosing, and targeting of therapy to different regions of the lung. As "interactive" devices are developed, testing on the bench becomes more sophisticated and demanding. The present review begins with simple in vitro ...

Aerosol drug delivery using helium-oxygen gas mixtures (heliox) is considered in terms of flow physics, atomization, and aerosol mechanics. Theoretical considerations are then related to past studies of the physiological effects of the inhalation of heliox and its potential use as a drug delivery medium. Past clinical trials of heliox investigating this use are reviewed and technical recommenda...

LEXFOAM is an explosive foam developed from two non-explosive components to replace C-4 or TNT in humanitarian demining. This paper discusses a recent break through in packaging, the properties of newly developed LEXFOAM and improvement in delivery based on deficiencies noted in field testing. The Hand-held delivery system consists of two disposable aerosol cans. A large aerosol can contains 50...

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a very well-known cytokine that has been studied for the past 35 years. It plays a major role in the growth and proliferation of many immune cells such NK and T cells. It is an important immunotherapy cytokine for the treatment of various diseases including cancer. Systemic delivery of IL-2 has shown clinical benefit in renal cell carcinoma and melanoma patients. However...

UNLABELLED Aerosol drug delivery via high flow nasal cannula (HFNC), bubble continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and synchronized inspiratory positive airway pressure (SiPAP) has not been quantified in spontaneously breathing premature infants. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to compare aerosol delivery via HFNC, bubble CPAP, and SiPAP in a model of a simulated spontaneously b...

INTRODUCTION Every year, approximately 2,500 children are admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) at the Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center alone [1]. Respiratory illnesses are one of the leading causes of admission [1]. For children with acute respiratory illnesses, inhaled medications are a common method of treatment, as this allows p...